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Artist's concept of Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 at the edge of the solar system.

CREDIT: NASA/JPL-Caltech

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It will be another giant leap for mankind when NASA's Voyager 1 spacecraft becomes the first manmade object to venture past the solar system's edge and into the uncharted territory of interstellar space. But did this giant leap already occur?

New data from the spacecraft indicate that the historic moment of its exit from the solar system might have come and gone two months ago. Scientists are crunching one more set of numbers to find out for sure.

Voyager 1, which left Earth on Sept. 5, 1977, has since sped to a distance of 11.3 billion miles (18.2 billion kilometers) from the sun, making it the farthest afield of any manmade object. (It has 2 billion miles on its twin, Voyager 2, which took a longer route through the solar system.) Still phoning home (via radio transmissions) after 35 years, the Voyagers are the longest operating spacecraft in history.

For two years now, data beamed back to Earth by Voyager 1 has hinted at its close approach to the edge of the solar system, a pressure boundary called the heliopause. At this boundary, the bubble of electrically charged particles blowing outward from the sun (called the heliosphere) exactly counterbalances the inward pressure of the gas and dust from interstellar space, causing equilibrium between the two. But scientists have had trouble figuring out what, exactly, happens at or near this boundary  making it hard to tell whether Voyager has crossed it.

In 2010, Voyager passed the point where the solar wind, a stream of charged particles flowing outward from the sun, seemed to reach the end of its leash. The probe's detectors indicated that the wind had suddenly died down, and all the surrounding solar particles were at a standstill.

This "stagnation region" came as a surprise. Scientists had expected to see the solar wind veer sideways when it met the heliopause, like water hitting a wall, rather than screech to a halt. As Voyager scientists explained in a paper published last month in Nature, the perplexing collapse of the solar wind at the edge of the heliosphere left them without a working model for the outer solar system.

"There is no well-established criteria of what constitutes exit from the heliosphere," Stamatios Krimigis, a space scientist at Johns Hopkins University and NASA principal investigator in charge of the Voyager spacecraft's Low-Energy Charged Particle instrument, told Life's Little Mysteries. "All theoretical models have been found wanting."

However, Ed Roelof, also a space scientist at Johns Hopkins who works with Voyager 1 data, said that in any model of the heliopause, an object exiting through it should experience three changes: a sharp rise in the number of collisions with cosmic rays (high-energy particles from space), a dramatic drop in the number of collisions with charged particles from the sun, and a change in the direction of the surrounding magnetic field.

Based on two of those criteria, Voyager 1 looks as if it passed through the heliopause at the end of the summer. Since May, the spacecraft has experienced a steady rise in the number of collisions with particles whose energies are greater than 70 Mega-electron-volts, indicating they are probably cosmic rays emanating from supernova explosions far beyond the solar system. The level of these cosmic ray collisions jumped significantly in late August.

As first reported by Houston Chronicle science blogger Eric Berger, that jump coincided with another change in late August: The spacecraft also experienced a dramatic drop in the number of collisions with low-energy particles, which probably originated from the sun. [see graph]

Rate at which Voyager 1 is being bombarded by particles such as protons.

CREDIT: NASA

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In short, in late August, cosmic ray collisions sharply rose, and solar particle collisions sharply fell: two indicators of a transition through the heliopause.

"Most scientists involved with Voyager 1 would agree that [these two criteria] have been sufficiently satisfied," said Ed Roelof, also a space scientist at Johns Hopkins who works with Voyager 1 data.

To officially declare Voyager's crossing, the scientists need to check if the third condition holds. "Point 3 (the change in magnetic field direction to that of the interstellar field beyond the influence of the sun) is critical because, even though there is debate among astrophysicists as to what direction the field will lie in, it seems unlikely that it is the direction that we have been seeing at Voyager 1 throughout the most recent years," Roelof wrote in an email.

"That is why we are all awaiting the analysis of the most recent magnetic field measurements from Voyager 1. We will be looking for the expected change to a new and steady direction. That would drop the third independent piece of evidence into place  if indeed that's what will be seen," he said.

The scientists could not say when the magnetic field analysis would be finished. But when it is  and if it also indicates that the field's direction recently underwent a change  the world will know. "Once we have a consensus within the team we will inform NASA for a proper announcement," Krimigis said.

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Status #KSPOfficialX

[Official IRC Channel for Kerbal Space Program. Forum rules apply, PM Mods for issues. | Current Version is 0.17 | 0.17.1 will be released When Its Done. | Oberth > Slingshot | How to asparagus: http://i.imgur.com/kh7BN.png]

[17:06] == The_Destroyer_ [[email protected]] has joined #KSPOfficial

[17:06] -ChanServ- [#KSPOfficial] Welcome to #KSPOfficial, please feel free to ask questions and we hope you enjoy your stay.

[17:06] <The_Destroyer_> Why did I just logout?

[17:06] <The_Destroyer_> of IRC?

[17:06] <The_Destroyer_> I just went to search phone number,

[17:06] <The_Destroyer_> I come back:

[17:06] <whatisthisidonteven> daaayum

[17:06] <UmbralRaptor> Did you hit the back button?

[17:06] == thorfinn [[email protected]] has quit [Quit: I used to think I was indecisive, but now I'm not too sure.]

[17:06] <KwirkyJ> ping timeout, probably?

[17:06] <Hyratel> The_Destroyer, the lettering on the DROP hatch is all blurry for me

[17:06] <whatisthisidonteven> everything randomly crashing on my PC

[17:06] <whatisthisidonteven> i think i should restartr

[17:07] <The_Destroyer_> @Hyratel, well, Idk. As I said, I do not model, nor do I texture. I only test.

[17:07] <Hyratel> no @

[17:07] <The_Destroyer_> sorry.

[17:07] <Hyratel> then you can have a look 8u

[17:07] == The_Destroyer [[email protected]] has quit [Ping timeout: 180 seconds]

[17:07] <The_Destroyer_> lol

[17:07] <The_Destroyer_> Two destroyer

[17:07] <The_Destroyer_> s

[17:07] <The_Destroyer_> xD

[17:08] <The_Destroyer_> Hyratel, well, Idk. As I said, I do not model, nor do I texture. I only test. better? :P

[17:08] <Hyratel> no, you can doublecheck whether it's just me

[17:08] == RandomName [[email protected]] has quit [Quit: Web client closed]

[17:08] <The_Destroyer_> I looked at letters, and it was fine for me.

[17:08] <maltesh> https://dl.dropbox.com/u/4057920/Kerbal%20Space%20Program/v0.17/Screenshots/screenshot590.png

[17:09] <KwirkyJ> "your specimen has been processed, and we are now ready to begin the test proper"

[17:09] <The_Destroyer_> Maltesh has got a good picture

[17:09] <The_Destroyer_> Just what I have.

[17:09] <The_Destroyer_> Can you post a picture Hyratel of the blurryness?

[17:09] <Hyratel> moment

[17:09] == muskeg [[email protected]] has joined #KSPOfficial

[17:10] <The_Destroyer_> also, maltesh, how come you are landing the drop using those engines, and not the drop itself?

[17:10] <KwirkyJ> I suggest:

[17:10] <KwirkyJ> HATCH

[17:10] <The_Destroyer_> ?????????????????????????????????????

[17:10] <KwirkyJ> Do Not Block

[17:10] <The_Destroyer_> On what?

[17:10] <The_Destroyer_> The DROP?

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

[17:10] <The_Destroyer_> AH

[17:10] <The_Destroyer_> Not to block the hatch.

[17:11] <The_Destroyer_> Ah, I see

[17:11] <maltesh> Autolanding with the lander stage, will pop the Drop and land it horizontally later.

[17:11] <Ted> The_Destroyer_, try not to spam the chat :P

[17:11] <The_Destroyer_> its probably because bobcat is russian.

[17:11] <Hyratel> hey, it's a touch of flavor

[17:11] <sal_vager> KSP is multinational so flavour is good

[17:12] <KwirkyJ> if russian, have cyrilic

[17:12] <The_Destroyer_> He is russian, only speak basic englsih.

[17:12] <KwirkyJ> what sal_vager said

[17:12] <KwirkyJ> we can have multinational lettering

@Ascensiam@Capt_Skunky@DamionRayne@joe|zzzzz|-_-@N3X15@olex@Rich@sal_vager@Sordid@Ted+Hikaru+UmbralRaptor+xelda_AaliApexsealsArthreeAtmaStormBarryCarlyonbe8f07c4beccarabenbaptistBlazerJenzoburkehcareocase__cBBp_Chuck_BartowskiclockedcoalhotDamnyouphoneDavid_HaitchddavisDEADBEEFDeeWoodgtljunglistdukey_Eat_UraniumElembisenigmaEpiEpsilonErrantSystemsFlambeForkkFustygerald|offlinegessuGinkoGLaDOSGregHerraTohtoriHugsim[A]HyratelHYuyicefireInfectedGTiPeerisdelIskierkaJonnyFunFun[Zzz]KalpaKalpa-_KeiyakeptinKevin_kirahviKriZtoVKwirkyJLaremereLifeforce87LogonLordNedluckzMajiirmalteshmasa_medsouzmiketheteMilkTheFrogmitch_offlineMoondog8985Mr_OrionmuskegNightstalkerNurffeOPP|AweighPeewee223PilateplatypusPyro3d|Offlineqmrr4m0nraekRagrizrailsRandallRazRemmonRPharazonRPharazon|NBSceppiesemininjaShardShoarShondoitSickboySlickyNicksmaugyySmiteZeroSolarnrgSomeguySpace_CoresplintSpudstabberSynMongersyrkazszyzygTaverius_The_Destroyer_TheAllNewToastyTorpedotkmrtobierTolgarToxicFrogVir4030waxdtwhatisthisidontevenwireddd_XunZaswed

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[tencharacterlimit]

So its official then.

Out of the small amounts of KSP communities.

This one is the most immature and idiotic of them all.

Since none of you seem to care about the at all, I might as well stick to IRC or the forums.

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W̓̂̽̓̂é̶̳̣̕ÈÃÅ¡Ãâ„¢h̀ãËæ×̎Ó̞̗ÌÂ̯̺̜aíÌẦãî̴̢̧̬Ó̟ÉÓṱ̴̢̅̒ÌÂ̜̯̙Å̗Õ ̊äÃŒìÞ̧Ói̾̅̒Û̌Òì̿ÃÂáÀ̫Ès̿Âë̠̟̗̣̣n̆̾î̕ØÓ̲̞̼Ù̳̱'̊è̑î̹̭ÉÓtï̂ß̴̟̠̠ ą̈Ü̗̗̭ì̒̂Þ̕Ç̼̻ÃÂÕÖ̩̠t̢̀̆ÃÅ¡?ÂëîîÃÂÃŒÂàÎ̱ÃÂẸ̀ÖÉ̲̭

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  • 7 months later...

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