**SOLVED**
For anyone who finds this later, I found a workaround: Modify your readme.txt in the KSP folder to contain the proper version. Apparently Steam installs the latest readme.txt no matter what version of the game you have installed. This is another reason CKAN should be using the buildID.txt for version detection. (I found the bug report where this change is being discussed.)
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I'm having an issue where CKAN is detecting my 1.0.5 install as 1.1.0, so I can't install any of the mods I want. Is there a way to override the detected version of KSP?
On Windows 10 64-bit, I've told Steam to install the previous stable version of KSP. I actually deleted all the local game content (both in Steam and then deleting the KSP folder via Windows Explorer) and then reinstalled via steam, ensuring that it contained only v1.0.5 files. I launched KSP and it says v1.0.5.1028 on the startup screen.
CKAN was installed using the "Download the latest release" link at the start of this thread. It is version 1.16.1-0-g2e91715 (beta). The .exe is in the KSP folder.
Thank you for any assistance you can provide!