Sooo... I've met a weird technical problem.
I'm not sure exactly how this happened, but the "telemetry analysis" science option has disappeared from ALL my ships (both saved crafts in the VAB editor and those in orbit) except for a single one, which has it still present both in the VAB and in the one probe I've in orbit for that type. And it's not the most recent ship I designed or orbited.
As far as I can tell, the procedural avionics used in that ship isn't any different from the ones used in all the other ships.
Also, if I edit one of the other ship types, and replace the "saved" procedural avionic with a new one (by adding it, re-rooting, and removing the old one) configured in the exact same way, the telemetry comes back.
I've also tried to copy the .craft file in a save for another career and the problem is still the same. So it's not in either the .craft file or the .save file, but it has to be in some kind of persistent cache and / or the configuration of the executable and the mods themselves. As far as I can tell, the only significant recent change is that I downloaded the latest RP-1 update a couple days ago.
Any idea what this could be? The weird thing is that by placing a new avionic the problem goes away, so it's almost like the part has somehow changed and the old one, while still recognized, is missing some needed info for the game engine.