Had the same problem on unmodded KSP 1.8.0 from GoG, after about 10 flights in new career mode. Backup persistent.sfs files worked fine, except last one which had map problem too.
Also, I noticed one of my ships was not showing in the tracking station. It was a tiny Mun probe I landed just before the problem appeared. I opened persistent.sfs in WordPad and deleted its VESSEL section. After that map started working again. Played a couple hours without any problems since.
Have no idea what was wrong with the probe. I tried editing sfs to narrow down the problem, but edited saves were not loading at all. Can post broken persistent.sfs if devs need it.