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AssidiousBlue

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  1. -----Intermission---- Just wanted to take a moment here to thank those who've liked the topic and downloaded the craft files. At this stage, I have completed the goals I set out to achieve, including reaching orbit in RO/RSS/RP-1 for the first time. This is obviously not an "expert" run, but I hope that it is useful to document the steps and provide craft files in case anyone else wants to follow along. A couple of things I have learnt along the way DO NOT update mods or hardware during a playthrough if you can help it More about rocket engine history than I knew before More about UK/Australian space history than I knew before A new appreciation of just how important mass savings are and how material technology was an essential part of developing rockets, even if less obvious than the engines and propellants I knew the V-2 used ethanol, didn't realise how late it was until they used kerosene One of my disappointments is that I couldn't use a "Black Arrow" rocket to get to orbit. The Gamma-8 engine is locked behind '59 orbital engines, and the FAR flight model almost universally topples any design that looks similar to the original Black Arrow. I may try again once I have unlocked that node, but as it is a bit of a dead end am unlikely to build an LC for it. I also expected to be able to use the baby sergeant based solid rocket motors earlier, but given doing an explorer-1 style launch needs several nodes of both engines and solids, it was much easier to use an AJ-10. Similarly the XR-99 is late enough that I just used a pair XLR25 to get the hypersonic contract completed ASAP. At this stage I might take a short break and play some modded KSP, but I suspect it will take some time getting used to the stock parts again. Those procedural parts are great fun, but can absolutely see why the base game doesn't use them. Playing Juno: New origins seems to show that they are just too steep a curve compared to the structure the parts give. Anyway, if anyone has some good suggestions about where to take the series, please let me know. I'm not sure I will get all the way to deep space, but it would be nice to get to at least lunar probes. My first goal will be LEO satellites, though, so stay tuned! Cheers, Lauren (AssidiousBlue)
  2. The capstone development goal was 6000km downrange with a mere 50L of sounding payload. Having achieved that distance with 500, the team integrated an experimental "solar panel" to enable ongoing in-orbit collection of data, should they be successful in achieving orbit. With this lighter payload, Bulualum-17 was launched with an otherwise identical configuration to Bulualum-16. Once again, the spin-stablised third stage ignited and took the vehicle over the horizon. If all went well, they would hear from the Americans at Cape Canaveral in 40 minutes. Scientists and engineers waited with baited breath.. Before the expected time, however, they received word from un unexpected source - DSS 14 at Goldstone sent a telegram saying contact had been established, giving an approximate direction. There was a quick rush to calculate the required height. For the vehicle to be over the horizon at that angle, it would have to be at least 3000km meant an apogee of 5000km, and a periapsis of at least 148km. As messages of contact and congratulations came in from Cape Canaveral; then Bermuda; then Grand Canary and Madrid, Spain; Kano in western Africa; Johannesburg in south Africa; Tananarive Madagascar, before final confirmation from the west coast of Australia; Carnarvon confirmed acquisition of the vehicle passing over the west coast. As the sun set over the MSC, telescopes aimed upward confirmed an astonishing sight - a new body orbiting high above, the first artificial "Sattelite" Craft File: https://kerbalx.com/AssidiousBlue/Bulualum-17-So50_Solar Routine Launches: None Post-Launch Statistics Reputation Science Confidence 1271.9 34.4 5220.7 Post-Launch Facilities Funds 19313 Hangar 20 Engineers / 85% Efficiency LC1 - Wawal - Closed - LC2 - Bulualum 160 Engineers / 57% Efficiency R&D - Early Avionics & probes 344 Scientists / 16% Complete Research Queue: Satellite era science 1959 Orbital Rocketry Entry, descent and landing Integration Queue: Bulualum 18 (So500) Juwanbin-4/A - Prep for airlaunch
  3. After Lorraine was selected for the altitude mission, Elaine set her sights on a different goal. One more familiar. Elaine wanted to be the fastest pilot alive, and she had a plan. Having previously flown the Juwanbin-1 with drop tanks to achieve altitude records, she and the engineers worked on a daring plan; using drop-tanks to significantly increase burn time, she would use them to climb to just under 40,000m before commencing a shallow, powered dive to achieve 2000m/s, then throttle-down to hold speed. In order to avoid burning up from the intense atmospheric heating, the vehicle was coated in an ablative armour - pale pink, or all things - which would assist in thermal control. One of the two engines cut-out at 5 minutes, and failed to re-ignite. Elaine feathered the throttle on the remaining engine to keep her speed hypersonic for the duration of the test The ablative coating worked well, and Elaine circled the MSC, controling the craft's energy to ensure a soft touchdown Finally, she disembarked from the craft to be met with applause - she was officially the fastest pilot alive, setting a record that would last until the next era in human spaceflight. The Juwanbin program had demonstrated high altitude and hypersonic flight, and taken pilots to the edge of space. Although it would continue a series of flight to push these boundaries, with both Elaine and Lorraine logging additional flight time hypersonic and above the Karman line, the program had completed all of its goals and soon lost public interest, and thus funding. Craft File: https://kerbalx.com/AssidiousBlue/Juwanbin-4A-drop-Pink Routine Launches: None Post-Launch Statistics Reputation Science Confidence 1196.6 34.3 5220.7 Post-Launch Facilities Funds 15035 Hangar 70 Engineers / 85% Efficiency LC1 - Wawal - Closed - LC2 - Bulualum 106 Engineers / 57% Efficiency R&D - Early Avionics & probes 323 Scientists / 6% Complete Research Queue: Satellite era science 1959 Orbital Rocketry Entry, descent and landing Integration Queue: Bulualum 17 (So50, Tiny Solar Panel) Juwanbin-2/C (RJ67)
  4. With Bulualum 15 finally flying sucessfully after the multiple failures of second and third stage engines, the team pushed for a higher reliability engine for both booster and upper stages. The AJ10 was introduced to meet this demand. The rocket was rolled out to the pad, with the team quietly confident that they would met, and beat, the downrange milestone of 3000km. Second stage ignited successfully, carrying the vehicle above the Karman line. Prior to the final stage, the RCS toggled a spin program to stabilise the final stage and pointed downrange. Finally the vehicle departed over the horizon, and radio contact was lost. The team awaited for news from the Americans, who if all went well would send word via Ham radio. A long 30 minutes passed before... Success! contact had been established with Cape Canaveral in Florida. Not all was perfect, however, as telemetry indicated the vehicle had overshot its apoapsis target, resulting in insufficient velocity to achieve orbit, and the vehicle was losing altitude rapidly. As the sounding payload burnt up over the south coast of Cuba, the team celebrated nonetheless. They were within spitting distance of achieving orbit, and the true beginning of the space age Craft File: https://kerbalx.com/AssidiousBlue/Bulualum-16-So500 Routine Launches: None Post-Launch Statistics Reputation Science Confidence 1177.5 54.3 5210.1 Post-Launch Facilities Funds 19156 Hangar 70 Engineers / 85% Efficiency LC1 - Wawal - Closed - LC2 - Bulualum 106 Engineers / 55.1% Efficiency R&D - '58 Orbital Rocketry 323 Scientists / 68% Complete Research Queue: 1958 Orbital Rocketry 1959 Orbital Rocketry Integration Queue: Juwanbin-4/A recovery Juwanbin-1/D-Cancelled Bulualum 17 (So50, Tiny Solar Panel) Juwanbin-2/C (RJ67)
  5. With the Bulualum program on the verge of an orbital vehicle, it was time to test life support systems designed to go to space for the first time. To that end, a new airframe was unveiled - The Juwanbin-4. Although both pilots wanted to be the first to fly, Lorraine's experience at high altitude and more reliable landings was felt to be the safer option The 4/A was completed before the planned engine was ready, so a pair of XLR25 engines were used. By demonstrating the fully throttleable engines - and the ability to be re-ignited multiple times - they would allow greater pilot control, but also more options with regards to launch profiles, being able to reduce thrust through the thick lower atmosphere but throttle up as the vehicle climbed towards space. It was unclear, however if the airframe would be able to reach the Karman line with the underpowered engines. The vehicle struggled to gain lift and angle of attack and transonic speeds, but as Lorraine used the Hydrogen peroxide-powered reaction control thrusters, to maintain an angle of attack, the apoapsis gradually increased. At 50km altitude, the stars came out. At 60km, she engaged the HTP-powered reaction control system. Apoapsis climbed beyond 70km... beyond 80km, a new record... 90km... For the first time, a pilot had flown to space. Craft File: https://kerbalx.com/AssidiousBlue/Juwanbin-4A Routine Launches: None Post-Launch Statistics Reputation Science Confidence 1146.7 53.7 5208.6 Post-Launch Facilities Funds 19338 Hangar 70 Engineers / 85% Efficiency LC1 - Wawal - Closed - LC2 - Bulualum 106 Engineers / 55.1% Efficiency R&D - '58 Orbital Rocketry 323 Scientists / 68% Complete Research Queue: 1958 Orbital Rocketry 1959 Orbital Rocketry Integration Queue: Bulualum 16 (So500) - Rollout Bulualum 17 (So500)
  6. Despite the frequent engine failures, particularly with the Veronique engine, scientists and engineers worked on improving engine power and reliance. Ideally, the second stage would be optimised for high-altitude and vacuum efficiency without sacrificing thrust to weight ratio. The existing technology was coming close however - Bulualum 14 reached 1600km downrange, far the minimum mission requirements. This was primarily due to the two Veronique engines performing to spec, although one failed just prior to the end of the burn, causing a spin. After RCS regained control, the final payload was spin-stabilised and the AJ45 pushed the final payload to more than 5000m/s Bulualum 15 flew a similar trajectory, as plans were finalised for the AJ10 and Agena. This flight was the most successful yet; although tracking was lost over the Pacific Ocean, the last telemetry contact estimated a downrange distance of over 6000km - almost all the way to south america! Craft File: https://kerbalx.com/AssidiousBlue/Bulualum-8-So500 (Flights 14-15 missnamed) Routine Launches: Bulualum 14 - Downrange LV Distance 420km Bulualum 15 - Downrange LV Distance 500km Post-Launch Statistics Reputation Science Confidence 1078.2 50.9 5198.7 Post-Launch Facilities Funds 18738 Hangar 70 Engineers / 85% Efficiency LC1 - Wawal - Closed - LC2 - Bulualum 106 Engineers / 54.8% Efficiency R&D - '58 Orbital Rocketry 323 Scientists / 66% Complete Research Queue: 1958 Orbital Rocketry 1959 Orbital Rocketry Integration Queue: Juwanbin 4/A (XLR25x2) Bulualum 16 (So500) Bulualum 17 (So500)
  7. The Bulualum program was hard at work, expanding their launch facility and launching larger, longer-range rockets. To co-ordinate the design, Arther "Al" Cleaver travelled out from the united kingdom, bringing with him experience from developing the Spectre and Sprite engines flow by the Wawal and x-plane programs. There was some tension in bringing an man from the heart of the former British Empire and colonial power to the integrated team at Meanjin. Although there was certainly cultural shock, great people can work together, and MSC was developing a team of great people. Bulualum 9 and 11 were successful, launching sounding payloads far downrange as the team developed lighter materials, more efficient engines and grew the understanding of the required flight profile. They launched a series three-stage of rockets consisting of the Bulualum 1st and 2nd stage, and a Wawal (Aerobee) third stage The team worked closely with McDonnel Aerospace with their expertise in isogrid tanks to minimise weight and maximised fuel. The historic LC, however, was now running at maximum size - larger facilities would be required if the team wanted to build rockets bigger than the 25m-tall Bulualum 12, which already dwarfed its launch stand. Reliability issues plagued the rocket family, with one of the two Veronique second stage engines failing to ignite on both the Bulualum 12 and 13 flights, dropping the payload south of Vanuatu more than a thousand km short of the downrange target. But with every failure, knowledge is gained. With every flight, the team narrowed the flight profile. Craft File: https://kerbalx.com/AssidiousBlue/Bulualum-8-So500 (Flights 11 - 13, missnamed) Routine Launches: Bulualum 11 - Above, Success (Downrange Distance LV Development (Difficult) 240km) Bulualum 12 - Second Stage Failure, Primary Mission Success (Downrange Distance LV Development (Difficult) 320km) Bulualum 13 - Second stage failure, Third stage failure, Primary mission failure Juwanbin 2/B - Mach 2 science flight - elaine Juwanbin 1/D (XLR 25, Drop tanks) - High altitude Science flight Lorraine Juwanbin 1/D (XLR25, no drop tanks) Post-Launch Statistics Reputation Science Confidence 1045.9 50.9 4863.7 Post-Launch Facilities Funds 18160 Hangar 60 Engineers / 55% Efficiency LC1 - Wawal - Closed - LC2 - Bulualum 112 Engineers / 44.5% Efficiency R&D - '56-'57 Orbital Rocketry 323 Scientists / 66% Complete Research Queue: 1958 Orbital Rocketry 1959 Orbital Rocketry Integration Queue: Bulualum 14 (So500) Juwanbin 4/A (XLR25x2) Bulualum 15 (So500)
  8. With two pilots, the x-plane program pushed to increase the flight cadence. They began training in the "X-15" cockpit, simulating the first pressurised cockpit capable of surviving re-entry from low space, and taking crew beyond the Karman Line. The training program was intense - both in the preparation, but also the relationship between the two pilots. Elaine would resent Lorraine as a late-comer, taking all her hard work for granted. Lorraine felt that Elaine was overbearing, and would not let her live down that emergency landing on a routine flight. But Elaine would show her how it's done. By air-launching the J2, she would have more fuel and altitude to break the 700m/s barrier. After the airlaunch, she maintained altitude at 13km, hoping to optimise the J75 performance. With afterburners engaged, as she passed Mach 1.8 the engine thrush increased, offsetting the increased drag. Passing 600ms, the airframe began heating, but not uncontrollably. Finally, passing 700m/s elaine gently throttled the afterburner, maintaining level supersonic flight at Mach 2.4. As she look out and starboard, the moon hung high in the sky. She wondered; with all her accomplishments, would she be the first to go there? or would she be forced to pass the mantle on to a newer, younger pilot? Lorraine would show her how it's done. There was more to the test program than just speed - and being first does not always mean best. As she looked down from stratospheric heights from the new Juwanbin-3, she saw the Meanjin Space Center far below. She wondered; could she live up to the oppurtunity? Could she deliver for the hundreds of engineers, scientists, and staff of the base below - let alone the country, and the world? Craft File: https://kerbalx.com/AssidiousBlue/Juwanbin-3 Routine Launches: Bulualum 6 - Failed (second stage shutdown after 1 sec, failing to reach 140km - payload retrieved successfully) Post-Launch Statistics Reputation Science Confidence 1039.2 58.2 4038.0 Post-Launch Facilities Funds 40069 Hangar 20 Engineers / 55% Efficiency LC1 - Wawal - Closed - LC2 - Bulualum 110 Engineers / 44.5% Efficiency R&D - Basic Rocketry 266 Scientists / 24% Complete Research Queue: Hypersonic Flight 1956-1957 Solid Rocket Engines 1956-1957 Orbital Rocketry Integration Queue: Juwanbin-3/A (Recovery) Bulualum 7 (So 500)
  9. With the suborbital science program completed, and the crewed flight program continuing apace, it was time to work on increasing downrange capacity. The Wawal LC was tooled up to provide one final launch in preparation for expanding the Bulualum program to orbital rocketry, and training a new batch of Engineering graduates before they moved onto the bigger rockets. Wawal 3-AJ Crow 9 - with minimal instrumentation, it achieved an altitude record of 694km And successfully recovered several hundred kilometres downrange. With that triumphant last launch, the Wawal LC was wound up and the engineers reassigned to either the Bulualum booster program or the x-plane Hangar - to work on the rockets that would take crew to space, or alternatively the technology that would keep them alive to return. With the focus turning to newer material technology, an alternative supplier made a bid to outdo Bell, and Douglas Aircraft Company was selected as a secondary contractor - their isogrid tanks were felt likely to be an essential step in maximising the delta-v. But of course, it was the pilots that the public would see - not the dozens of engineers required to ready each flight, nor the hundreds of scientists gathered to work out the technology required. And one of those pilots wanted to set an airspeed record with a Jet Aircraft. Craft File: Nothing new Here Routine Launches: Featured above Post-Launch Statistics Reputation Science Confidence 901.0 53.2 3730.6 Post-Launch Facilities Funds 39894 Hangar 20 Engineers / 55% Efficiency LC1 - Wawal - Closed - LC2 - Bulualum 110 Engineers / 41.5% Efficiency R&D - Basic Solid Rocket Engines 245 Scientists / 0% Complete Research Queue: Basic Rocketry Hypersonic Flight 1956-1957 Solid Rocket Engines 1956-1957 Orbital Rocketry Integration Queue: Bulualum 6 (So 500) Juwanbin-3/A Juwanbin-1/C
  10. With the new flight director, tension mounted between the veteran Astronaut Elaine, and the new "class" stepping up to the test program. It was decided that Elaine would take the most promising pilot, Lorraine on a mission to demonstrate Mach 2 supersonic flight for sustained durations, using the Juwanbin-2. The mission was successful, holding 625m/s for a full 5 minutes. However towards the end of the flight the craft became critically low on fuel, and being designed for speed not glide slow the pilots diverted to Archer Airfield, west of Meanjin. Although local crowds and the military base enjoyed the sight of the "Highly Advanced" plane coming to rest amongst the subtropical trees, in the resulting disciplinary hearing Elaine was bumped from the upcoming J-1 flight in favour of Lorraine. The next flight was an attempt at hypersonic flight, aiming to find the optimal flight plan to achieve 2000m/s in level atmospheric flight. Despite a textbook flight and tricky instrument landing under a low cloud deck, Lorraine was able to demonstrate that the current J-1 would be unable to obtain such speeds. Nonetheless, she quietly became the second fastest pilot in the world A Quiet celebration; Bulualum 9 completed the last planned suborbital testing of biological samples, and with Wawalx3-AJ Crow 8, sounding rockets were routinely making 500km. The existing launch facilities had reached the limit of sounding rocket technology, and the team was eager to move onto their next challenge. Craft File: Nothing new Here Routine Launches: Wawal 3-AJ Crow 7 - (High Altitude Sounding Rocket - Intermediate (480km)) Bulualum 9 - (Advanced Biological Suborbital Experiment 2 of 2) Wawal 3-AJ Crow 8 - (High Altitude Sounding Rocket - Difficult (530km)) Post-Launch Statistics Reputation Science Confidence 935.7 52.0 4026.4 Post-Launch Facilities Funds 39894 Hangar 20 Engineers / 55% Efficiency LC1 - Wawal 5 Engineers / 42.9% Efficiency LC2 - Bulualum 100 Engineers / 41.9% Efficiency R&D - Satellite Era Mat. Sci. 245 Scientists / 77% Complete Research Queue: Basic Solid Rocket Engines Basic Rocketry Hypersonic Flight 1956-1957 Solid Rocket Engines 1956-1957 Orbital Rocketry Integration Queue: Juwanbin-3/A Juwanbin-1/C
  11. After refurbishing the Juwanbin 1C, and replacing the failed engine, Elaine was once again launched towards Meanjin With both engines providing the necessary thrust, she flew to a new record height of 57km, and record speed of Mach 5! With work on the upgraded Astronaut complex, a third x-plane was being developed to demonstrate sustained high-atmosphere flight at subsonic speeds., and the Juwanbin-2 was upgraded to use a heavier, stronger J75 engine to push beyond Mach 2 in atmospheric flight. With those airframes in the hangar, it was time to refuel and push the flight ceiling for the Juwanbin-1, and fly it to 70km, very near the edge of space. Climbing at a steep angle, The expected apoapsis soon passed 70 km, and as Elaine pitched down to prevent overshooting, she was forced to cut the throttle. As se was travelling slower than expected, Elaine flow a long shallow glide over the Jumpinpin channel between north and south Minjerribah Finally touching down with the aid of a parachute Craft File: https://kerbalx.com/AssidiousBlue/Juwanbin-1C Routine Launches: Wawal 3-AJ Crow 6 - (High Altitude Sounding Rocket - Difficult (480km)) Bulualum 8 - (Advanced Biological Suborbital Experiment 1 of 2) Post-Launch Statistics Reputation Science Confidence 854.5 44.6 3570.7 Post-Launch Facilities Funds 14551 Hangar 20 Engineers / 55% Efficiency LC1 - Wawal 5 Engineers / 41.4% Efficiency LC2 - Bulualum 100 Engineers / 38.2% Efficiency R&D - Satellite Era Mat. Sci. 200 Scientists / 12% Complete Research Queue: Basic Solid Rocket Engines Hypersonic Flight Basic Rocketry 1956-1957 Solid Rocket Engines 1956-1957 Orbital Rocketry Integration Queue: Wawal 3-AJ Crow 7 Bulualum 8 (Bio2/So200) Juwanbin-3/A
  12. The desire to fly further, faster, higher led to the Juwanbin team returning to their first craft, making upgrades to the airframe, and importing a pair of XLR35-RM-1 engines. By incorporating a pump-driven engine the airframe could be further lightened as the fuel no longer required pressurisation. Finally, reaction control thrusters developed for the Bulualum program were incorporated to enable high-altitude manoeuvring, and introduce pilots to reaction control thrusters for the first time. The Juwanbin 1/C was launched high to the east of Meanjin, with the plan to fly high in the stratosphere and if possible to the operational limit of 70km Unfortunately only 1 second into the planned burn, one of the two engines failed. AS this version only allowed a single ignition, Elaine flew the craft with half thrust - similar to the earlier Snarler/Screamer engines of the 1/A and 1/b versions Levelling out at 40km, elain tested the RCS system although the atmosphere remained thick enough that the conventional flight control surfaces remained useful Elaine successfully glided down into the MSC with the mission technically a success, although once again the engine failures hampered the mission. To make matters worse, the routine Bulualum-7 flight to perform advanced biolocial scieence on a suborbital trajectory failed with substantial engine loss. With two aircraft now operational, it was time to expand the pilot program, and renovations were made to the newly dubbed "Astronaut" complex. With the increasing pace of launches and flights, as well as the trials and tribulations of engine failures, insufficient avionics control on the latest Bulualum craft, and the inability of the second stage to meet downrange and speed-based goals it was clear that the leadership structure was insufficient. Reaching out for experienced leaders, Gene Kratz was appointed to be flight director Craft File: https://kerbalx.com/AssidiousBlue/Juwanbin-1C Routine Launches: Bulualum 7 - (Failed - insufficient speed by ~400m/s: Advanced Biological Suborbital Experiment) Post-Launch Statistics Reputation Science Confidence 634.1 38.2 2818.6 Post-Launch Facilities Funds 466 Hangar 10 Engineers / 55% Efficiency LC1 - Wawal 5 Engineers / 40.2% Efficiency LC2 - Bulualum 100 Engineers / 34% Efficiency R&D - Satellite Era Electronics 200 Scientists / 71% Complete Research Queue: Satellite Era Materials Science Hypersonic Flight Basic Solid Rocket Engines Basic Rocketry 1956-1957 Solid Rocket Engines 1956-1957 Orbital Rocketry Integration Queue: Juwanbin 1/C - Retrieving & Reconditioning Wawal 3-AJ Crow 6 Bulualum 8 Wawal 3-AJ Crow 7 Bulualum 8 (Bio2/So200)
  13. After an engineering review of the previous two failures of the Wawal 3-Heavy Crow, the next airframe was modified to use internal bracing for the tanks, substantially reducing their weight, as well as upgraded and lighter avionics. The additional space allowed incorporation of more batteries, ensuring adequate liffespan to return data from high above Meanjin. After aa successful low-atmospheric flight, the second stage lit and lofted the payload to above 500km, a first for the program! Meanwhile, The upgraded Bulualum 6 with similar "Stringer" tanks launched southeast from Meanjin, Passing southeast, and returning planetary photography in low space over the warm and cool subtropics of the Australian East Coast The probe splashed down nearly 800 km south of meanjin, achieving a record distance from the launch facility. Craft File: https://kerbalx.com/AssidiousBlue/Bulualum-6 https://kerbalx.com/AssidiousBlue/Wawal-3-AJ-Crow-4-So75 Routine Launches: Wawal 3-AJ Crow 5 - (High Altitude Sounding Rocket - Intermediate (430km)) Post-Launch Statistics Reputation Science Confidence 586.4 33.0 2800.5 Post-Launch Facilities Funds 42995 Hangar 10 Engineers / 55% Efficiency LC1 - Wawal 5 Engineers / 39.6% Efficiency LC2 - Bulualum 105 Engineers / 39.2% Efficiency R&D - Satellite Era Electronics 200 Scientists / 39% Complete Research Queue: Satellite Era Materials Science Hypersonic Flight Basic Solid Rocket Engines Basic Rocketry 1956-1957 Solid Rocket Engines 1956-1957 Orbital Rocketry Integration Queue: Juwanbin 1/C - Mounted to Aircraft Juwanbin 2/a Bulualum 7 (Film/Bio2/So200) Wawal 3-AJ Crow 6 Wawal 3-AJ Crow 7 Bulualum 7(Film/Bio2/So200)
  14. Focussing on the effects of supersonic flight on airframes, Elain flew the Juwanbin 2, this time intending to sustain 500m/s Passing 80km east of Meanjin, she turned north, performing a series of high-G turns over the waters east of K'giri (Fraser Island). Then turning south, maintaining supersonic speeds at 15km above K'giri, sustaining above Mach 1.5 back towards Meanjin. On descent, Elaine had to cut the throttle as she approached Mach 2 - Temperature readings suggested the engines were running far overtemp, and pushing to 600m/s would cause them to fail, explosively. A new generation of jet engines would be required to push the speed envelope - or a return to rocketplanes. Perhaps, both? With the harsh radiation environment revealed, the Wawal program was extended to launch higher and measure the extent of this "belt" of radiation. With gradual improvements in tooling and component weight it was felt this was achievable, even if they would have to double the altitude of their flights. Despite this, their next launch suffered an engine ignition failure, and although some mass spectrometer data could be returned from the upper atmosphere it was an inauspicious omen for the Wawal team. Despite rushing a replacement, the Wawal 3-AJ Crow 3 failed to reach the target altitude, falling short at 415km. To get more out of their rocket, they would need to upgrade the avionics, then fuselage - everything. Craft File: Nothing new this time Routine Launches: Wawal 3-AJ Crow 2 - Engine Failure (Attempting High Altitude Sounding Rocket - Difficult (430km)) Juwanbin-2/A - Collecting Supersonic Flight data Wawal 3-AJ Crow 3 - (Attempting High Altitude Sounding Rocket - Difficult (430km)) Post-Launch Statistics Reputation Science Confidence 529.6 24.7 2421.7 Post-Launch Facilities Funds 28715 Hangar 15 Engineers / 55% Efficiency LC1 - Wawal 13 Engineers / 37.1% Efficiency LC2 - Bulualum 85 Engineers / 35.8% Efficiency R&D - Satellite Era Electronics 200 Scientists / 6% Complete Research Queue: Satellite Era Materials Science Hypersonic Flight Basic Solid Rocket Engines Basic Rocketry 1956-1957 Solid Rocket Engines 1956-1957 Orbital Rocketry Integration Queue: Bulualum 6 (Film/Bio2/So200) Wawal 3-AJ Crow 4 Juwanbin 1/C Wawal 3-AJ Crow 5 Bulualum 7(Film/Bio2/So200)
  15. As the program pivoted to x-plane research, the Wawal team rolled out their updated sounding rocket, the Wawal 3-AJ Crow. With the upgraded Spite-3 engine powering the Wawal booster stage, and an upgraded AJ10 second stage motor, it cruised higher than any previous rocket, reaching over 400km for the first time Previously unforeseen was interference with the radio signal as the rocket passed high above the atmosphere. Although taking a second stage to the x-plane and Bulualum programs working towards crewed spaceflight, the Wawal team replaced the previous barometer and thermometer equipment with a newly packaged Mass Spectrometer for the next flight, as well as using the new "stringer" tanks It soared to almost 460km, but revealed a devastating truth; the data from the mass spectrometer began to return overwhelming levels of ionised particles, so much so that the instrument had become saturated. Although the simple electronics of the sounding payload were unscathed, the levels of radiation would be potentially lethal. This far higher level of radiation than expected would significantly change the mission planning for crewed flight as it became apparent that lifetime radiation doses would need to be minimised, lest their early astronauts die of radiation sickness. Craft File: https://kerbalx.com/AssidiousBlue/Wawal-3-AJ-Crow-1-So75 Routine Launches: Featured launches as above Post-Launch Statistics Reputation Science Confidence 511.7 16.3 2192.5 Post-Launch Facilities Funds 21926 Hangar 10 Engineers / 55% Efficiency LC1 - Wawal 13 Engineers / 32.7% Efficiency LC2 - Bulualum 85 Engineers / 38.0% Efficiency R&D - Avionics Prototypes 200 Scientists / 0% Complete Research Queue: Avionics Prototypes Satellite Era Electronics Satellite Era Materials Science Hypersonic Flight Basic Solid Rocket Engines Basic Rocketry 1956-1957 Solid Rocket Engines 1956-1957 Orbital Rocketry Integration Queue: Wawal 3-AJ Crow 2 Juwanbin 1/C Bulualum 6 (Film/Bio2/So200) Bulualum 7(Film/Bio2/So200)
  16. Launching out of LC2, the Bulualum 5 aimed to perform planetary photography on a westward launch, hoping to cover more than 600 km downrange and test the idea of a retrograde orbit Although still using the now-obsolete dual-skin tanks and nitrogen gas RCS, the second stage deployed ignited, successfully, acquiring images over Quandamooka country westward towards the red centre of Australia. However, the Veronique engine suffered an engine shutdown approximately halfway through the burn. Although the craft reaced low space, it failed to reach the mission goal of 200km, and re-entered in the Gunggari language region of South-West Queensland The team went back to the launch complex disappointed, but planning on incorporating more updated technology into the next flight. Management re-evaluated their research goals, and decided to double-down on electronics, materials and pushing the x--planes as quickly as possible Craft File: https://kerbalx.com/AssidiousBlue/Bulualum-4 Routine Launches: None this time Post-Launch Statistics Reputation Science Confidence 511.7 16.3 2192.5 Post-Launch Facilities Funds 21926 Hangar 10 Engineers / 55% Efficiency LC1 - Wawal 13 Engineers / 32.7% Efficiency LC2 - Bulualum 85 Engineers / 38.0% Efficiency R&D - Mat. Supersonic. 200 Scientists / 73% Complete Research Queue: Avionics Prototypes Sattelite Era Electronics Satellite Era Materials Science Hypersonic Flight Basic Solid Rocket Engines Basic Rocketry 1956-1957 Solid Rocket Engines 1956-1957 Orbital Rocketry Integration Queue: Wawal 3-AJ Crow 1 Wawal 3-AJ Crow 2 Bulualum 6 (Film/Bio2/So200) Bulualum 7(Film/Bio2/So200)
  17. Finally, the second vehicle of the x-plane program was rolled out of the hangar for its inaugural flight, aiming to demonstrate low supersonic flight and return. After Elaine's experiences in the simulator, the engineering team modified the craft, and the flaps no longer cause the dramatic pitch-down on take-off. Elaine climbed to an altitude of 18000m, before levelling off and beginning her first supersonic run. Completing a series of passes over the Meanjin Space Centre, Elaine demonstrated flight controls in transonic and supersonic conditions as well as the effects of sustained flight at 450m/s. As Elaine ran down the fuel heading inland, she brought the plane down under low power, landing successfully and becoming the first person to fly both a rocket and jet plan at supersonic speeds. Engineers and scientists poured over the data, already working on the next generation of supersonic craft, aiming to fly higher, faster and further than ever before. In the background, the Bulualum 5 was being integrated, intending to once again launch an animal into space. And finally, after 9 successful launches in a row, the Wawal team was ready to unveil an update to their venerable sounding rocket line. Craft File: https://kerbalx.com/AssidiousBlue/Juwanbin-2A-J57x2 Routine Launches: Wawal Heavy-Crow 8 (Altitude Sounding Rocket Difficult 330km) Wawal Heavy-Crow 9 (Altitude Sounding Rocket Intermediate 330km) Post-Launch Statistics Reputation Science Confidence 521.1 56.1 2181.1 Post-Launch Facilities Funds 25804 Hangar 10 Engineers / 55% Efficiency LC1 - Wawal 8 Engineers / 31.8% Efficiency LC2 - Bulualum 85 Engineers / 35.8% Efficiency R&D - Early Solid. 160 Scientists / 0% Complete Research Queue: Mature Supersonic Flight 56.07% Avionics Prototypes Basic Solid Rocket Engines Basic Rocketry Integration Queue: Bulualum 5 (Film/Bio2/So200) Wawal 3-AJ Crow 1 Wawal 3-AJ Crow 2 Juwanbin 3 (No engine)
  18. Whilst engineers worked on integrating the next generation of jet engines to the new airframe, several routine launches of the Wawal Heavy-Crow continues, setting gradually higher altitude records records. Then it was time to launch the Bulualum 4, with an advanced biological sample and sounding payload, intending to complete the mission to demonstrate complex life could be sent to space, and return safely. After the previous near-breakup this craft was designed with a more streamlined reaction control system, and the ability to detach the payload for re-entry. Having recovered from "the great driver glitch", the Bulualum 4 was rolled out to the pad once more, this time without reality glitching and reliving the same day multiple times. After a successful launch, the booster lifted the craft to 60km before fairing and then stage separation The craft was spun up before a sucessful ignition of the Veronique engine the craft reached an apogee of over 190km and more than 400km downrange, demonstrating the ability to launch mammals into low space. The return, however... Re-entry was a bit firey, with the leading payload reaching quite extreme temperatures, and the sample sustaining almost 15G of deceleration Relieved the mission was finally done, and the Suborbital science program had achieved its capstone mission, focus returned to the x-plane program and the upcoming flight of the Juwanbin 2 supersonic jet. In the background, further Bulualum rockets would obtain planetary photography and low space biological science, but a true breakthrough in rocketry was required before the program could achieve the dream of a crewed spaceflight. Craft File: https://kerbalx.com/AssidiousBlue/Bulualum-4 Routine Launches: Wawal Heavy-Crow 6 (Sounding Rocket Difficult 280km) Wawal Heavy-Crow 7 (Sounding Rocket Intermediate 280km) Post-Launch Statistics Reputation Science Confidence 483.6 63.2 1902.8 Post-Launch Facilities Funds 18149 Hangar 30 Engineers / 55% Efficiency LC1 - Wawal 5 Engineers / 30.3% Efficiency LC2 - Bulualum 65 Engineers / 31.2% Efficiency R&D - Early Rocket. 150 Scientists / 37.45% Complete Research Queue: Early Rocketry Mature Supersonic Flight Integration Queue: Wawal Heavy-Crow 8 Wawal Heavy-Crow 9 Juwanbin 2/A (J57 engine) Bulualum 5 (Film/Bio2/So200)
  19. In order to advance the suborbital science program, R&D had rushed out an advanced biological package onto the upcoming Bulualum 3 flight. the intent was to spare any pilots from further altitude complications without substantially delaying the high-altitude and supersonic crewed missions. However Bulualum 3 had already been planned to test an experimental 1st stage using a Veronique engine improved from Europe. The delay for the more complex integration was filled by one further flight of the J-1b. It was clear the current technology would not allow the team to push the altitude higher, so this time the goal was simple; go as fast as possible and try to break the crewed speed record. Halfway through the burn, Elaine climbed to 18km, and passed 900m/s, but it was clear that at this altitude the drag forces were increasing too quickly to allow substantial progress towards hypersonic flight. Either a new engine or new airframe would be required to reach Mach 3, and likely a much higher crew ceiling. Thus, she headed back to the runway and the plane was recovered for re-tooling. All eyes, therefore, turned to the launch of the Bulualum 3 flight, which had multiple mission goals, including Using RCS in low space to orient the craft and spin-stabilise for injection burn Demonstrate the Veronique Second stage in low space Inaugural flight of the Advanced Biological Sample (Bio2) to 200km and 2,200m/s With these weighty goals, it was rolled out to the launch pad at LC2 and guidance was engaged Successfully launching into the high atmosphere, the second stage deployed successfully. Building spin using RCS, the second stage settled using spin motors repurposed as ullage motors, and the Veronique carried the payload from an initial apogee of 100km, to a peak of 189km, along with an orbital velocity in excess of 3,000m/s. It began to precess as the vehicle re-entered into the earth's atmosphere, and the aerodynamic forces began to break the vehicle up but thankfully the core film and advanced biological containers returned under parachute. The data would be go a long way towards upgrading the supersonic jet program, and the near-failure would inform design changes around a dedicated advanced biological package with an additional sounding payload . Craft File: https://kerbalx.com/AssidiousBlue/Bulualum-3 Routine Launches: None this time Post-Launch Statistics Reputation Science Confidence 429.7 63.1 1757.4 Post-Launch Facilities Funds 12160 Hangar 7 Engineers / 30% Efficiency LC1 - Wawal 5 Engineers / 30% Efficiency LC2 - Bulualum 78 Engineers / 30% Efficiency R&D - Supersonic Flt. 150 Scientists / 89.8% Complete Research Queue: Early Material Science - 58.8% Early Rocketry Mature Supersonic Flight Integration Queue: Wawal Heavy-Crow 6 (So 75L) Juwanbin 2 (no engine) Juwanbin 1 (recovery) Bulualum 4 (Bio2/So200)
  20. Although the J-1 flights had demonstrated the ability to reach unprecedented heights and speeds, each individual flight was brief. It was understood that much more time at altitude and supersonic speed would be required, and the rocket equation is a harsh mistress. Carrying all of your fuel and oxidiser with you takes lots and fuel and oxidiser. So why carry the oxidiser, when it's just floating around? By using atmosphere-breathing engines, the amount of oxidiser you "carry" is limited only by you ability to compress it. Sure, it's contaminated by that nasty nitrogen, but that won't necessarily be a bad thing - lighter atomic mass in the exhaust can increase the speed of the exhaust. Thus work began on a supersonic jet plane, to be the Juwanbin-2 To balance the effort required ensure some longevity with the next x-plane, extensive design and testing was performed, including simulated air drops, multiple engine and cockpit configurations, and trans-sonic flight. Some simulations suggested disaster... Others were more successful Although the final airframe would require additional engine development, work started on the initial airframe build for Juwanbin 2 Craft File: TBA Routine Launches: None this time Post-Launch Statistics Reputation Science Confidence 432 59.6 1745.3 Post-Launch Facilities Funds 10564 Hangar 7 Engineers / 30% Efficiency LC1 - Wawal 5 Engineers / 30% Efficiency LC2 - Bulualum 78 Engineers / 29.4% Efficiency R&D - Supersonic Flt. 150 Scientists / 50.6% Complete Research Queue: Early Material Science - 58.8% Early Rocketry Mature Supersonic Flight Integration Queue: Bulualum 3 (Film, RCS and 2nd stage test) Juwanbin 2 - (No engine) Wawal Heavy-Crow 6 (So 75L)
  21. As the rocketplane testing continued, this time with freshly rebuilt engines, The Juwanbin 1 this time took aim for a new altitude and speed record However, the rocketplane overshot the target, and Elaine begin to suffer from the effects of altitude sickness and hypoxia. A rapid descent before she blacked out saved her from being the program's first casualty. The rapid descent brought with it a new speed record, briefly pushing 3.1 Mach. Now well-practiced at gliding into MSSC, the plane and pilot were recovered successfully. In light of the near-disaster, the Science team completed its analysis of the Biological samples retrieved by the Wawal-Crow sounding rockets, and resumed work on high-altitude and high-speed flight. The team at Launch Complex 2 rapidly modified the design of the Bulualum 3 in order to fast-track the advanced biological samples. Clearly a few crickets and an invasive mouse was insufficient to completely understand the effects of high altitude on larger mammals. The last minute change did set back the rocket, but with extra engineers from the experienced Wawal team and some new recruits joining, delays were minimised. Craft File: TBA Routine Launches: Wawal Heavy-Crow 4 - Sounding Rocket (Difficult) (230km) Wawal Heavy-Crow 5 - Sounding Rocket (Intermediate) (230km) Post-Launch Statistics Reputation Science Confidence 432.9 66.6 1745.3 Post-Launch Facilities Funds 1.793 Hangar 10 Engineers / 30% Efficiency LC1 - Wawal 5 Engineers / 30% Efficiency LC2 - Bulualum 75 Engineers / 29.3% Efficiency R&D - Supersonic Flt. 150 Scientists / 45.6% Complete Research Queue: Early Material Science - 58.8% Integration Queue: Juwanbin 1b - engine replacement Wawal Heavy-Crow 5 (So 75L) Bulualum 3 (Film, RCS and 2nd stage test) Wawal Heavy-Crow 6 (So 75L)
  22. After the The Wawal Heavy-Crow launch 2 failed to deliver a sounding payload to above 180km, the Wawal Heavy-Crow 3 had a more successful launch reaching over 300km at apogee. With that, the scientists felt they had all the data to proceed with a more advanced biological experiment. Other parties remained interested in just how far they could push the sounding rocket technology, advocating for higher targets and larger payloads of "sounding equipment". Engineers were reassigned from LC1 to the Hangar and LC2 to share their experience with the wider aerospace program whilst the Wawal Heavy-Crow 4 was stripped of its scientific equipment and parachutes, and its avionics were upgraded. This more simplified would maintain a steady cadence through the rest of the suborbital science program, but wouldn't carry a scientific payload again for some time. Elain prepared for the next flight of the Juwanbin-1, aiming to reach 20km at supersonic speeds, and then accelerate to approximately Mach 2. Unfortunately there was a loss of thrust in one of her engines, meaning the mission was at risk. Managing a very steep climb at just above Mach 1, Elaine then levelled out, hoping the crippled engine would be able to meet their objectives Success! reaching a maximum of Mach 2.5 briefly before guiding the craft down to the runway for another soft landing. It seemed, however, that even the upgraded Screamer engines were problematic, with good thrust but a short firing time. As the Juwanbin-1 was recovered to the hangar, The program considered its options - Upgrade the J-1 further, perhaps with a new engine? Or focus on Jet development to allow more time in the upper atmosphere? Ultimately, the team worked on first replacing the Screamer engines, and seing how far the J-1 could be pushed Craft File: https://kerbalx.com/AssidiousBlue/Wawal-Heavy-Crow-4-So75 Routine Launches: TBA Post-Launch Statistics Reputation Science Confidence 360.3 66.5 1454.8 Post-Launch Facilities Funds 13710 Hangar 15 Engineers / 30% Efficiency LC1 - Wawal 5 Engineers / 30% Efficiency LC2 - Bulualum 60 Engineers / 26.8% Efficiency R&D - Early Sci. 110 Scientists / 78.6% Complete Research Queue: Early Material Science - 58.8% Integration Queue: Juwanbin 1b - engine replacement Wawal Heavy-Crow 4 (So 75L) Wawal Heavy-Crow 5 (So 75L) Bulualum 3 (Film, RCS and 2nd stage test) Wawal Heavy-Crow 6 (So 75L)
  23. While the rocket program was having setback and success, the Juwanbin team had prepared for a third flight, intending to demonstrate the improved "Snarler" engines at a modest altitude between 10 and 12.5km. Once successful, an extension to the flight would see Elaine climb sharply, hoping to reach 20km and test the control surface authority in high-altitude supersonic flight. The initial drop was successful, with engines both lighting sustaining supersonic flight in a steep climb, 10km was passed, and then after flame out amore moderate climb rate was maintained to pass 25km An unplanned parachute deployment almost forced elain to bail over the bay, but a quick-thinking Elaine cut the 'chute. She would now need to bleed off speed, and land without the parachute to slow her down. Lining up the runway... Flaps deployed And down on the centreline, coming to a stop at the perfect location. Well done Elaine! With that, Elain had fulfilled the flight objectives, led a crewed flight to 25km, and briefly began collecting supersonic flight data for further analysis. As the Juwanbin 1 was recovered, plans began on a new vehicle intended to push the flight envelope to stratospheric heights, and ultimately a successor to the J-1. As the x-plane program expanded, it was clear a flight director would be required however at this stage the program funding would not allow the building of several new craft. Instead focus was given to recruiting a suitable flight director. Craft File: https://kerbalx.com/AssidiousBlue/Juwanbin-1b Post-Launch Statistics Reputation Science Confidence 302.5 60.9 1205.3 Post-Launch Facilities Funds 7938 Hangar 10 Engineers / 30% Efficiency LC1 - Wawal 10 Engineers / 30% Efficiency LC2 - Bulualum 60 Engineers / 23.8% Efficiency R&D - Early Sci. 110 Scientists / 37.9% Complete Research Queue: Early Material Science - 58.8% Integration Queue: Juwanbin 1b recovery Wawal Heavy-Crow 3 (Bio/So 75L) - Rolling to Pad Wawal Heavy-Crow 4 (Bio/So 75L) Bulualum 3 (Film, RCS and 2nd stage test)
  24. With the increasing pace of launches, and the increasing complexity of the rockets it was clearly time to get some outside help. As a "Middle Power" aligned with the USA in Oceania, Australia would need help in sustaining the growing space program and it would be diplomatic faux pas to employ the Russian Design Bureaus. A tender was put out for a Main contractor to partner with in advancing scientific research, and two minor contractors to assist with the ongoing X-plane and rocketry development. Perhaps guided by the Director's previous experience with Caltech, JPL was selected as the lead research partner to fast-track the science packages for the upcoming suborbital flights. Meanwhile, Bell Aircraft Company was selected to assist with improving turnaround of the Juwanbin series of x-planes, and Rocketdyne to assist in the rocketry program. The Wawal Heavy-Crow launch 2 planned to deliver a sounding payload to above 180km - although the less capable Wawal-Crow would occasionally break this threshold it was hoped the heavier rocket would surpass it easily. A secondary payload would continue to research the effects of high altitude and low space flight on biological samples. Unfortunately, the second stage failed to ignite properly, and the range safety officer was forced to destroy the vehicle to ensure it would not fall onto the nearby islands. The team at Launch Complex 2 were determined not to suffer the same mistake, carefully preparing for the launch of Bulualum 2. On a slightly cloudy day, the countdown began for the launch of the updated design featuring aluminium tanks and a pressurised nitrogen reaction control system intended to demonstrate control in the vacuum of space. Ascent guidance was engaged, the engine ignited, and the rocket launched into a low space, suborbital trajectory however just prior to fairing separation, the rocket began to tumble. The payload was hastily ejected. Initially the RCS failed to fire due to a cross-feed being stuck in the closed position. Engineers sent repeated firing instructions, and eventually the valve opened, and the payload was able to orient itself prograde, perform a series of simple roll manoeuvres before it began re-entry Finally landing under parachute 600km downrange. Returning planetary photography from the high atmosphere and low space, as well as biological samples and temperature data over the oceans, the research team had plenty of data to analyse. Additionally, with the successful demonstration of attitude control in low space, work could begin on the next vehicle with a new second stage, more powerful reaction thrusters, and a further downrange capability. Craft File: https://kerbalx.com/AssidiousBlue/Bulualum-2 (Note the decoupler was incorrectly "tweakscaled" too small in the photos above and (should be) correct in the linked craft file) Post-Launch Statistics Reputation Science Confidence 251.3 60.6 1054.2 Post-Launch Facilities Funds 7954 Hangar 10 Engineers / 30% Efficiency LC1 - Wawal 10 Engineers / 30% Efficiency LC2 - Bulualum 60 Engineers / 24.8% Efficiency R&D - Early Sci. 110 Scientists / 28.4% Complete Research Queue: Early Material Science - 58.8% Integration Queue: Juwanbin 1b (Snarler->Screamer upgrade)- Mounting to aircraft Wawal Heavy-Crow 3 (Bio/So 75L) Wawal Heavy-Crow 4 (Bio/So 75L) Bulualum 3 (Film, RCS and 2nd stage test)
  25. Featuring a heavier kick stage, a redesigned booster stage with 3x de Haviland "Sprite" engines, and an extended payload, the first launch of the "Wawal Heavy-Crow" planned to take a small biological sample and large sounding payload into the vacuum of space above 140km. It quickly accelerated to supersonic speed, lofting the sustainer stage to a minimum apogee of 40km. Using the carefully timed staging process pioneered with the Wawal-Crow, the second stage flew ignited successfully, although as it fell away the residuals from the first stage caused a rapid, unplanned disassembly of the lower tank and pretty backdrop for the second stage successfully into low space, reaching 250km for the first time. Payload and nosecone separated, successfully re-entering the atmosphere. As it fell, observers noted a bright trail and scientists noted a period of communication blackout - something to investigate further in the future. With chute deployment confirmed, the payload was retrieved from the subtropical forests west of Meanjin and scientist got to work analysing the effects of space on living organisms. With that complete, the researchers felt that it was more important to prioritise an advanced biological sample return mission, and diverted resources towards completing the prepatory work necessary to launch on an upcoming Bulualum flight. Craft File: https://kerbalx.com/AssidiousBlue/Wawal-Heavy-Crow-1-Bio-So115 Post-Launch Statistics Reputation Science Confidence 213.2 51.7 813.4 Post-Launch Facilities Funds 10545 Hangar 10 Engineers / 30% Efficiency LC1 - Wawal 17 Engineers / 29.6% Efficiency LC2 - Bulualum 53 Engineers / 23.5% Efficiency R&D - Early Sci. 110 Scientists / 0% Complete Research Queue: Early Material Science - 58.8% Integration Queue: Wawal Heavy-Crow 2 (Bio/So 75L) Bulualum 2 (Film, RCS test and recovery) Juwanbin 1b (Snarler->Screamer upgrade) Wawal Heavy-Crow 2 (Bio/So 75L)
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