From what I can tell thus far, you have: Different gathering methods: EVA Report Crew Report Sample Stuff you attach to your explosive devi.... Rockets Recovery* Different Zones: Landed on body Flying in atmosphere Orbiting body (high and low in some cases) Kerbin has biomes (water/shore/ksp/mountain/desert/and likely heaps more), so you can get a seperate zone for each one (but not for all gathering methods) So you get science for doing gatheringmethod@zone, and getting it back to base, either by recovering vehicle, or transmitting data. The exact science you get appears to be a function based on a score base, score cap, how much you have previously used of that method@zone, and method of getting it back (transmission vs recovery). This function makes it so while you get less science for transmitting vs recovering, the DR also comes on a lot slower. * Recovery is a little different, as the "zone" is based on where the craft has been.