Green Baron

Heat is radiated by every body whose temperature is higher than 0 K. It is mostly radiated in the infrared spectrum and clearly measurable. In a vacuum it is radiated freely. If there was a medium in between (like air), conduction and/or convection would come into play. But that wasn't the question. tl:dr: radiation takes the heat away from each and every body whose temperature >0 K. Mostly in the IR spectrum. Edit: how fast depends on surface area, temperature difference, conduction inside the body, etc. In case of a metal sheet of submillimeter thickness cooling from 100°C to 0°C in -160°C environment i'd say pretty fast. Like tens of seconds or a minute or 2 Like tens of minutes ? Ready for correction :-) Edit: corrected after @kerbiloid's hint below.

Congratulations for being in Time magazine !

Hehe, that's one of the few spots on earth with a natural floor heating :-) I assume that the Icelanders will be most thankful to house the coffins of a few meat popsicles :-) How about Hawaii ? On the stability of such a power plant: years most probably with little effort, decades maybe if kept maintained, centuries no. Nobody can say how the volcanology on a transform crack develops(*) and if the technical stuff will still be suitable. I would say this is not going to happen to keep a few people cool for a "better" future, neither technically, nor politically. Apart from the fact that there is no way freeze them without killing them. The only thing one can do is push ahead the funeral. Hey, i am not 100% serious, ok :-) ? (*) Edit: I'm not saying it might cease, i rather say it might be covered with ash and lava or shaken into pieces to the ground or swept away by a tsunami released by subterranean landslide. Because these things happen in such an environment and i don't think the aborigines will defend the "guests" with their last breath :-) Again, not 100% serious.

They are tricky to get to. Either you use the geothermal gradient by letting something circle that picks up heat from below, or you use a subterranean aquifer and hang in there an end of a heat pump. The latter is frequently used for heating in winter and cooling in summer because very efficient. While the first might be considered "infinite" in terms of a human lifetime, on a geological scale it is not. Plates drift, crust cools, faults become inactive, others take over, volcanoes loose the will to erupt, plumes find another way, etc. On a short time scale it needs a lot of work for maintenance and upkeep in general and can fail easily. And the aquifer thing, though easier to get to and maintain, can be quite ephemeral, when the water decides to take another route or the schmucks who drilled the hole drilled through a layer that starts to expand when it comes in contact with water, there is congestion. And the housings above crumble :-)

I wouldn't say "completely unknown". No vertebrate is known that survives complete freezing. Those that do survive temps <0 in body parts over a limited time (days to weeks) have some body chemistry that prevents freezing of cells. Otoh, a whole lot of vertebrates are known that die on freezing of even parts of the body. A human dies when the core temperature drops below ~25°C. Maybe you can find isolated cases where lower temperatures over a short time have not lead to death, but i daresay those were not the same as before when they returned. But nobody survives freezing of the body or just a vital organ.

Would 10t/m² sound better :-) ? The small hole does not need much force to close. With a hole of let's say 10*10cm people on the ISS would have been in big steaming ehm trouble. For just enough time to realize what's going on before falling unconscious, i would assume.

It is about 1kg/cm². You can press your fingertip on the table with a much higher force ...

See farther up in the thread. It was spread that Gerst put his finger on (not in because too small) the hole while the repair was prepared. But this might just be hoax from the social networks, it is officially unconfirmed afaik. Otoh, why not ... thermometer shows below 0 there (though it is pretty hot) and the pressure difference is small, a fraction of that of bicycle tyre.

Yes, a human body can only be frozen to death if it isn't already dead. There is no way we currently know of to avoid the lethal damage done to it, only Hopes & Dreams Inc, to put it clearly. For now. Since there is no serious science journal link: http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/0/23695785 Small organisms are a completely different thing compared to complete organs or even a functioning body.

Really ? No debris needed for a hole in a spaceship ? *pop* "Oh, no problem, lend me a finger ..." *pop* "Hey guys, got more resin and gauze ?" *pop* "Know what ? This is getting annoying ..." *poppoppop* ... pfffffffffff ..... "Iss, this is Houston, do you read ?" "Iss, this is Houston, do you read ?" "Iss, this is ..." and so on :-)

Mid level Ac strat (Altocumulus stratiformis) in the foreground to As (Altostratus) in the background, i'd say. This may help further: https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/home.html :-)

Well, *cough*, some (not all of them) can survive at least days in the conditions of leo. Anyway, for now, ancient dna older than several hundred thousand years remains fiction.

Phew ... that is was one shaky argumentation chain. With a little geoscience background one can say it is very improbable that a salt crystal stays unchanged for 250my. I tried to find it "this weeks" nature issue but it is from 2000. https://www.nature.com/articles/35038060 and one response: https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/18/6/1143/1046940 tl;dr: it was probably something younger they measured (13-65ky). btw.: Those were the "wild years" of ancient dna, Jurassic Park, etc. https://www.nature.com/articles/35077295 Still not quite over, as the latest take on Denisovan (Neandertal) dna shows, but i don't want to start any flame wars again ;-):

Oh, we did that more than once ;-) The outcome is not always clear to one or the other side and it only works once with a given pair.

This has all been discussed over decades until it ended in telling myths about either vinyl and cd. It is all true what you say, but this is not about sampling rates and s/n rations, the latter being dismal for vinyl records. It is about a steady analogue signal, that even if it went through a digital (uncompressed) recording step, sound less sterile when reproduced from an analogue machine. Not always, if it is a bad recording or just flat synthesizer music then it won't matter what plays it, but in many cases when played directly side by side, the analogue reproduction sounds better when played from a reasonable equipment, let's say 4.000 for players, amp and speakers. The turntable needs a little love when positioning and adjusting, speakers standard stereo triangle, no obstructions or corner positions. And nope, not every harmony is on the cd, that's theoretically impossible because of the quantification. You will probably not hear much difference on a 1 or 2k hifi rack, it needs a little (not much) more. I have listened to digital reproductions (not CD, a network player with a heavenly sample rate) as well as turntable side by side on a friends high end rack, the speakers alone 15k pounds (Linn Akubarik), there i had to admit that the digital reproduction actually did sound better. But the difference was so minimal and i needed many drinks. And i personally could never even think about spending only a fraction of that money *waves hand". I can only suggest to lay aside the calculator, do the test, side by side, by switching from CD to record player when they play the same piece of music. :-)

Two times a year highly intellectual people like ourselves make fools out of themselves trying to correct clocks in cars, microwave ovens, photographic equipment, computers, dvd- and blue ray players, controllers for central heating, telescope, patio lighting, garden sprinklers and whatnot. We curse and swear never again when we forgot it and realize our mistake on sight of the train's red lights, departed plane, closed theater doors, angry boss or the the other way round. I always mix that up. At least in Europe, this will soon(tm) be over. The EU's commission, following a census that brought to the 1 hour delayed light of a summer's day that 80% of the population is against it and finally realizing that nothing is saved during daylight savings time came down with the decision to cancel the clock change. They plan to be as eager as possible and have it decided before the end of next may (2019). Which will be too late for summer 2019. Yay ! Life is about to get a little better :-) Looking forward to the flame wars that will start when it goes about "shall we switch to constant summer- or wintertime ?". Already the "experts" throw in their cents and stake their claims (or claim the stakes ?). That'll be funny, i suppose :-)

I think so. I think so as well. But they probably suit up before entering the descent module. It's narrow in there ... I doubt it. Possible problems could be that even through a small hole plasma could enter during reentry and make the hole bigger. Which, as we sadly know, never does no good not. But it is not a thing in this case.

That has been discussed over and again in the 80s and 90s. CDs lack a whole lot of harmonies and overtones. The difference can be heard in a good recording, e.g. of a symphonic orchestra. Sure, pop music mostly lacks the instruments as well as the art and rarely strains a music reproduction system to its limits as it is mostly generated by digital equipment itself and not always the best. I can only recommend to go to a studio with decent equipment (not necessarily high end) and experience the difference if one wants to. Be it as it may, i can hear my graphics card (970 clone) whistling when i switch off vsync and let it run full power. Could i write an opengl app that makes music ? :-)

Hehe, sooner or later you will be drawn to the light side :-)

I read Blender is used in professional CAD environments as well. And ... of course ... how stupid from my side ... ksp and factorio are excempt from my generalization ... *phew*

I have no idea. On Linux, it makes absolute sense to use the tools that are in the repositories of the flavour you use and give a wide berth to proprietary systems. It should become an autonomous immune reaction to shy away from software that costs money to use, if there is not an inevitable reason. For a private person there usually is none.

Sure. Enumerating them would lead too far, but libreoffice has a spreadsheet component calc. Lots. FreeCAD, LibreCAD, KediCAD, BRL-CAD and DraftSight, ... (copied from elsewhere, unchecked since i don't design or construct computer aided) I must say i don't use either except for some basics in libreoffice calc, and I have no comparison to the numerous other existing spreadsheet programs. But these things are actually used. Edit: i read people use Blender for professional CAD as well ...

This wasn't clear to me until recently: it is not a module of the iss that was hit, but the ball shaped orbital module of a docked Sojus ship (the MS 09). https://blogs.nasa.gov/spacestation/2018/08/30/international-space-station-status-3/ It will not effect crew return since that part is ditched before reentry.

... and do not install any stuff with root kits like google sandboxes etc.

It is electromagnetism, only difference being the frequency. IR is directly below visible (longer wavelength), UV above (shorter). One can filter parts of the spectrum out to have only certain wavelengths for pictures or study of material properties. Exactly. To visible light and UV almost completely. To IR partly, but not much over short distances and dry air. Warmth e.g. from molten iron is radiated mostly in the IR spectrum, body heat as well. IR cameras ... And are, depending on the material reflected, dispersed or absorbed. Absorption would heat the wall. And if the wall is too cold or hot you'd step aside. Yep. Disclaimer: i am not a physicist. I think it shows :-)