Green Baron

Is this a table top game ? Idk, but it is cute somehow. And it is not a train pic ! 2377

Conditions are really hard down below, no material can stand this without being phase transformed. But what for ? There'll be a radioactive hole then and a warning sign (hopefully). Usually, such a project would aim to obtain some information, a drill core, temp./pressure readings, elemental phase transitions, exact position of boundary layers like the moho, etc. ... But we can get this information otherwise, just not with the accuracy of measured hole. What hasn't been replicated yet in a laboratory are the p/t conditions in the lower mantle and core. A pulsed machine can achieve this, but nothing that keeps the conditions long enough for minerals to form. So we actually do not know exactly what the material in the core is like. Yep, it is easier to send a probe to the outer solar system than to obtain a sample from the earth's mantle, if not tectonic processes lift it up high enough.

That is cool. I didn't realize it while staring at the moon, probably too short for the eye and i was too much occupied with the equipment. I made a raw and unaligned video about the moon entering the penumbra from >500 images i took. I asked a friend to upload it to youtube, will post the link here as soon as i have it. Edit: here it is:

Yep, conditions can be very different locally, much more than that actually. There are other sources than a drill core, cheaper to obtain, though more indirect.

Problems with deep drilling, besides the near impossibility to get the heat away, is pressure and keeping the borer from veering off. Kind of the opposite we want our contraptions to point :-) Boring deeper than a few km is really hard. The ocean crust has only ~8-10 km but temp gradient is high and one can as well dive to the middle ocean ridges or visit one of the ophiolites and have a direct look. Continental crust is something different, besides mechanical stress on a km-long borer, changing sedimentary and metamorphic stuff, the time needed, pressure and temp., the figures 12.000psi and 1200°C are a cool day in thin air once you're in the middle of the crust (let's say 30km). In some places where it is really thick and temp. gradient low it was tried before, but i think the deepest hole has 12km or so ? Besides that, i'd expect other more dense materials than any steel alloy to be much more suited for such an enterprise. Requirements for a borer are rather different from that for a rocket ;-)

Btw., the Romulan Roman Empire finally (phew) ended 1453 ;-) Renaissance is dawning ...

*lol* There was no question. You claimed that the moons red colour has nothing to do with pollution and that is not right. While the moon will have a reddish or golden colour without dust and particles (there is no doubt about it), these do enhance the scattering effect. The answer is Rayleigh, correct, and pollution enhances Rayleigh because particles. Rayleigh scattering is caused by particles and depends on their size, concentration and composition and the wavelength of the light. The light does not care what causes these particles. It should not be too difficult to make that mental step "Particles - gas molecules - dust - natural and anthropogenic causes - pollution". We humans are naturally enabled to make these causal connections and most of us do. Or are there alternative proposals for how particles come into the atmosphere ? I found two Nasa and Jpl pages which explicitly mention pollution as being responsible for colouring and brightness of the moon during an eclipse. I found a Russian excerpt that describes the moon's colour changes when rising over the east, attributing it to Chinese air pollution. It is just, i fear that when i search them again, the work will be ignored and in vain, so i leave it. https://www.skyandtelescope.com/astronomy-news/does-air-pollution-alter-lunar-eclipses/ www.iac.es/folleto/research/preprints/files/PP11018.pdf “Aerosols injected by volcanic eruptions and large wildfires can cause a significant darkening of an eclipse,” says García Muñoz. In fact, “Scattered sunlight may represent a significant fraction of the sunlight that reaches the eclipsed Moon under conditions of high aerosol content in the atmosphere.” and "Other atmospheric events, like large airborne dust clouds, might bear some of the responsibility for the unusually darkened shadow last month. “The best explanation is indeed the aerosol pollution over China, but we cannot rule out the presence of an episode of desert sands transported over Asia,” says Jean-Baptiste Renard of the University of Orleans in France. He adds that observations during lunar eclipses might prove to be an inexpensive way to provide a survey of air pollution on a continental scale." Emphasis mine ! And from: https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/blog/2010/12/red-red-moon-and-other-lunar-eclipse-phenomena "Tiny airborne particles, also known as aerosols, also scatter sunlight. The relative efficiency of the scattering at different wavelengths depends on the size and composition of the particles. Pollution and dust in the lower atmosphere tends to subdue the color of the rising or setting sun, whereas fine smoke particles or tiny aerosols lofted to high altitudes during a major volcanic eruption can deepen the color to an intense shade of red." ---------- I could carry this on, but that is enough to explain the obvious, i think ;-)

Certainly. :-)

Well, long live the multitude :-) It is certainly necessary to discuss and weigh alternatives and see if there are more effective and less costly ways. I must admit that my opinion is influenced by the constant cost explosion and delays of some of those infrastructure projects.

Adding to the discussion linked by @Steel Putting something on hold for 20 years will not advance things, and getting rid of 90% of particle physicists because 10% would accomplish the same work does not sound like an argument to me, rather like a rant. Anyway 20 billion euro is not that much, it fits perfectly in the range of the big infrastructure projects planned or under construction. I am pro :-)

I'll have to rely on my slow satellite internet until eventually a cable end comes to me. Which may be after the end of the universe ..

Where ? Giving the right particles this may have been the case, locally temporarily. Am thinking about sulfuric aerosols that filter out infrared, but that should be checked. Though reports from the northern hemisphere talk about nice red/brown sunsets in the years following the eruption. Tambora eruption may even have had an impact on art (William Turner (not the pirate ;-))) Sky colour may vary with time and composition. Anyway, it is pretty obvious that pollution does change atmospheric scattering, locally, regionally and globally.

Phew, the list can get long in the future, with new features on other bodies. But so it is ... different worlds, different features.

Mate, you have posted an inflammatory post two times now and you reject explanations from observation and experiment. Particle sizes including (but not limited to) pollution do influence the colour and it is not "hopeless" to name that, unless you follow an agenda ! You can make an experiment and travel for example to the Colorado plateau where the air is clear because it is isolated from the circulation and inflow of pollution by mountain ranges and convince yourself that a clear air sunset is not red. The eclipsed moon can have other hues than "blood" red, even blue. Rayleigh scattering depends on particle sizes, and the amount of pollution (natural or artificial) is decisive in the colour giving, and it is not wrong and by no means "hopeless" to name that. Edit: reasonable pop science on the matter: https://www.sciencenewsforstudents.org/article/2019-total-lunar-eclipse-could-be-beet-red-because-volcano

But a sunset in clear air would not be red, air is blue. Well, absolutely clear air doesn't exist on earth and that makes the sunsets reddish, but here we frequently have sunsets that aren't even orange to the last moment and you can't look directly into the sun until it is gone and leaves a dark blue sky behind. And the moon isn't always that red. It can have other hues like ocre depending on particles in the earth's atmosphere. It actually can be blue (look at the pictures above) there where it is hit by light that traveled through the upper atmosphere, where ozone filters out the reddish wavelengths. Small particles in the lower atmosphere are the main cause of a more or less red sunset. Which is a measurable effect, and it is stronger in densely populated areas or where weather blows dust around, or after huge eruptions (I recall Pinatubo and Mt. St. Helens). Citing this Nasa text: "How gold, orange, or red the Moon appears during a total lunar eclipse depends on how much dust, water, and other particles are in Earth's atmosphere, as well as factors such as temperature and humidity." It is not completely wrong to name pollution here, though the effect of a reddish moon during the total eclipse would of course be there from just the earth's air O and N molecules as well.

Small particles in the atmosphere do influence the atmospheric scattering. Pollution (for example from plinian eruptions) does make a difference. Without particles the effect would be much weaker. I have a direct comparison between southern Germany (Stuttgart area) where a constant red haze from dust and particles (mostly man made pollution) limits night sky/star visibility most time of the year to above 20-30° over the horizon, and here (Atlantic island), where stars actually frequently set on the horizon (sea). It is the same effect that makes the moon reflect the red light from light that has traveled through earth's atmosphere. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayleigh_scattering But i don't know if the guy had that in mind ;-)

Clear answer: i have no idea ... ... but the changing of designs and construction materials actually do not rise my confidence. Especially the last material change seems strange to me. I expect them to do several years of experiments, tests, construction technique, load test, vibration stuff, weakening under stress, heat, deformation cold, warm and hot etc. blabla as it hasn't been used for such an application b4. Anyway, first the locust. If it behaves well, we shall see a little farther. Not sure if they already think of such tedious things and peanuts as "crew safety" or "escape systems" ... what is that good for ? it is at least as safe as an airliner anyway ;-)

If you mean the Large Hadron Collider, i do not expect "it" to be controlled by a single piece of application software. It consists of several accelerators, the huge ring, cooling, power supply, several "rooms" or better edifices, below and above ground, for (changing) experiments and equipment of all sorts, it is a huge complex, and a worldwide network of computers are connected for all sorts of .. well computations. Anyway, saying "several flavours of the Linux command line" is surely not totally incorrect ;-)

Images cropped, raw, unsharpened: I made a sequence as well, but give me some time to prepare it. I found this one extremely impressive, as it happened totally during night, the weather was extremely clear, and the stars came out like in a moonless night. Unfortunately a fierce and gusty wind was blowing due to a foehn effect on the leeward side of the island. That's the cause of the blurryness. Images taken with 100ASA, f/8, 16/32sec. Hastily adjusted equatorial mount.

half an hour to go, iam set up. cs here !

I think i have waited long enough :-) 2333

Reading "rare earth" (i have not watched the videos), while the hypothesis has some interesting reason in it when projecting back the history of the solar system, it brings us close to anthropocentrism and creationism. @Pawelk198604, reading your posts i can only advise you to break the circle of your inner monologue and actually do something, focused and concentrated. Stop thinking about your genes, you can't change them, but you can change your life. Forget the wish to become a pilot, like most if not all of us here it will not work, not only because of your autism but also because of age and because the market is satisfied. Growth rates are low, and just like 15-20 years ago, people will start flying for very little money just to keep their licenses. And, if i may object: Pilots are just better bus drivers ... ;-)

Thanks ! I will probably be able to see a bit in the Canaries ... those in the Americas are more fortunate. "Oh, bloody favouritism !" :-)

Some say "form follows function" but that is just a weak excuse for the ugly design of the 60s, isn't it ? 2293

Thanks for the explanation :-) If i understand it correctly there is nothing clear about financing / construction of the FCC yet. Let us hope they find a few of the billions they pump into banks and state finances every month somewhere lying by the side of the road ... Oops, was that political