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Findthepin1

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  1.  

    For planets like these to even form the way they are, the red dwarf would probably have to be significantly less massive than 0.635 solar masses. 

     

    Also, I did that experiment. Vulcan, if the surface lava is connected to the molten inner part, would have a sort of weird plate tectonic "sea ice" setup like this:

    On the molten side, the lava oceans are kept heated by the Sun and from below, so the lava in the middle of the sea moves away from the middle from heat expansion. The rock is colder than the lava so it is denser (?). The rock at the coast sags a bit because of the heat making it softer. This lets lava pool over the Rock. The rock cools the lava a bit until the lava solidifies. Then the crust at the coast is thicker than elsewhere, and it sags more. More lava piles on and becomes rock. There will likely be volcanoes on the night side of Vulcan, which may prevent the formation of a large, continuous glacier of whatever materials. However based on this experiment I find it very unlikely that volcanoes will form near the coast of the lava sea because the crust is too thick. Perhaps the near the coast will have grooves like those on Phobos in OTL, except caused by internal convection rather than tidal forces, the effects of which would be long erased from the planet. 

  2. On December 11, 2015 at 11:43:35 PM, fredinno said:

    Usually, such temporary moons only last on the order of months- though one has been detected to orbit for 5 years (though very small) before reentering the atmosphere.

    Gravitational interactions would be even greater in a binary system, and would make other moons even more unstable.

    So no- very unlikely one would last for thousands of years, and be relatively big.

    See Triton.

  3. Earth moved 939 474 628 km during the year. Earth also collided with an empty fuel tank from space. The resulting explosion destroyed both objects and created a new ring of asteroids between Mars and Venus got a probe called Akatsuki after it tried unsuccessfully to get into orbit in 2010: Odyssey Two. Iran launched a satellite named Fajr. It reentered the atmosphere in less than a month.

  4. Not counting albedo changes, because I expect the ground of Earth, Venus and Mars would have similar albedos. The effective temperature of Earth is 255 K (sorry bout that) and that of Mars is 217 K, with no air. Mars' orbital distance from Earth's is ~0.5 AU. Venus' orbital distance is ~0.28 AU from Earth's. So the temperature difference from Earth to Mars is going to be -25/14 of that between Earth and Venus. So Venus should be warmer than Earth by 21.28 degrees. Now, I know it's not a linear progression, so I am going to guess that for every two-thirds the distance to the Sun, the rate doubles. So that's 21.28 times ~1.9 (Venus is at 0.72 AU or most of the way to 0.67) is 42.432. 255 K plus 42.432 K is 297.432 K. That last number would be the effective temperature for Venus with no air. It's actually 24 Celsius, rather than the 30 Celsius I had stated earlier.

    Given an Earthlike atmosphere, which adds about 33 degrees to the planet's temperature (288-255), we can do the same things for Venus, so 33 times ~1.9 is 62.7 degrees. That plus 24 degrees is 86.7 degrees, which would be the temperature of Venus with an Earthlike atmosphere. However, a high temperature like that would cause water to boil near the equator, which would give the planet a lot of high-albedo water clouds and likely cool it somewhat. Counteracted, to an unknown effect, by the added greenhouse effect caused by the excess water vapour. If I haven't shown math in one of these steps, it should be confirmable after a minute on Google. If I made a mistake, please notify me. :D

  5. If you took all the atmosphere off, Venus would be about 30 degrees Celsius. Earth without atmosphere would be -18 Celsius AFAIK. So, 48 degrees warmer. No sea ice, then, and assuming an Earthlike atmosphere, average temperature at the 1 bar level or ground level would be 63 Celsius if I am right. So, poles and mountaintops habitable to humans, and the rest for thermophiles.

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