Starting with 1.8, KSP has been failing to load the DLCs whenever I started a copy of it outside of Steam.
After some experimentation, it turns out that the failure is caused by a "+" character in the file system path (e.g. "c:\HDD2\KSP Instances\1.8 Stock+DLC"). Removing that "+" character from the path eliminates the problem. Other non-alphanumeric characters (e.g. "-" and "_") that I tested seemed to be fine. However, I have not tested all of them...
No clue if this is a Unity 2019 problem or if it's unique to KSP, but hopefully this will help others in a similar situation.