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What's the single heaviest payload ever brought to orbit? And what's the single heaviest possible payload that we can launch today?

ARS

Now you said about it, I think it does better if it's a mod, especially since this would make the post-Jool journey significantly harder and it's messing too much in game mechanic. Maybe it's because I'm just feeling that post-Jool mission seems relatively plain and same compared to other mission (flyby/ orbit/ land, click click science, plant flag and done), Nice job pointing that out BTW

Internal heating module. We have radiators for shedding heat, especially when close to Kerbol, but I haven't see an idea for part that provides heat. It works like radiator, but instead of taking heat, it provides heat to surrounding parts, with small constant energy input. Basically, the farther your probe from kerbol, the cold of outer space starts taking effect on craft's performance where some or most of it's capabilities are impaired by cold temperature such as reaction wheel getting weaker, more electricity needed to transmit data, reduced engine performance, solar panels have delay in tracking the kerbol, etc. The cold effect greatly increased when landing on planet beyond Jool

Is it legal if for some reason, I launched a spaceship without any notice (aka no countries are noticed about the launch, not even my own country, but they knew about it once I'm launched), and managed to escape the atmosphere and succesfully landed on Mars and establish a colony there?

It's tail is rather tall, so... I guess Hurricane I like that idea, giving tags on aircraft based on features for easy identification Inline, Jet, underneath the nosecone, also have MLRS-like rocket pod under the belly, @MadRocketScientist's guess seems to be on point

What's these aircraft?

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Is there a type of landing gear for aircraft to land on soft, sandy surface ? (like beach or sand dunes, think a scenario of an impromptu airfield in the middle of nowhere)

It keeps the center of mass below water, preventing ship from capsizing. On sailships, ballast is used to provide moment to resist the lateral forces on the sail, these are distributed across the ship and may be redistributed, depending on the design of the ship itself. They take many forms such as stones, sand or "live" ballast (aka the crew itself). Insufficiently ballasted boats will tend to tip, or heel, excessively in high winds. Too much heel may result in the boat capsizing. If a sailing vessel should need to voyage without cargo then ballast of little or no value would be loaded to keep the vessel upright. Some or all of this ballast would then be discarded when cargo was loaded. Modern ballast is closer to actively managed attitude control, being water tanks across the ship that can be filled with water and drained as needed. If a cargo vessel (such as a tanker, bulk carrier or container ship) wishes to travel empty or partially empty to collect a cargo, it must travel in ballast. This keeps the vessel in trim, and keeps the propeller and rudder submerged. Typically, being "in ballast" will mean flooding the ballast tanks with sea water. Serious problems arise when the ballast water is discharged, as water-borne organisms may create havoc when deposited in new environments. It's basically ship equivalent of SAS reaction wheel, except you cannot move the X axis (yawing to starboard or port, you use bow thrusters for that) and it only provides stability

From Pirates of Caribbean 1. Extensive yelling about naval maneuvers, which never accomplish anything, as all the ships in this film continually sail in any direction in every weather with main and topsails square to the masts at all times. Bonus points for Captain Jack Sparrow yelling for adjustments to pieces of rigging his ship does not even possess: "Scandalize the lateens!" (The torn and tattered sails of the Pearl and the Dutchman do not qualify, as they are both supernatural vessels). 2. Along with many films featuring 17th century old-school broadside ship combat, real life fully rigged sailing ships couldn't be turned simply by spinning the wheel like it's a car. There is a whole array of multi-man, complex procedures for doing so. Also bizarre is how Jack Sparrow managed to "disable the rudder chain" in The Curse of the Black Pearl - the cables (not chains) on a ship like the Dauntless would take a single man days to cut through even if he had a proper implement (which he doesn't). 3. Jack Sparrow's sinking ship at the start of the first film is impossible. Also, you can't pilot a large sailing ship like Dauntless and Interceptor with only 2 men 4. No lower-deck gun (or even a maindeck carronade) could possibly achieve the angle of elevation shown by the Black Pearl attacking Port Royal. If you want to fire that high, you're looking at small pintle mount weapons like swivel guns, or dedicated mortars (which tended to be either little 1-3 pounder boat mortar jobbies or fitted to specially built/modified bomb ketches). Anything else would rip a hole in the deck it's mounted on with the recoil (and bomb ketches had to sit the mortar on a hold full of coiled rope to compensate). 5. The Flying Dutchman's triple-guns cannot be reloaded, as cannon are muzzle-loading. Unless Davy Jones has invented breech-loading cannons. Which presents the additional problem of how the cascabel screw threads don't seize using 17th-century ironwork. Unless the guns are magical. Which presents the additional problem of why Davy Jones bothers to crew his gundecks. 6. The stunt with the upturned boat in the first film would not work. While you could overturn a boat and float it across the water, you could not drag it underwater like a poor-man's submarine unless you were inhumanly strong (and heavy).

Testing a new VTOL cargo aircraft Despite rather bulky, it's surprisingly agile, with many sharp turns and high-G maneuver being pulled off during the test flight

If space elevator's tether that connects the space installation with earth breaks/snapped, should the installation above it fall back to earth or thrown into deep space?

Having a rather underpowered computer to run KSP, partcount is really important to me, I have a maximum limit of how many mods installed, how many parts in a single ship, etc. to at least guarantee an operational mission. I love simple, minimalistic design, and there are times where I had to deal with mission that requires me to build (normally) enormous craft with hundreds of parts that could potentially become a CPU-melting contraption. To deal with this, I'm basically only strap an absolutely bare minimum modules necessary to complete the mission, and if possible, drone only. My favorite build is a self sustaining propulsion. Basically creating a closed resource system or some way to generate propellant to ensure a self sustaining vessel with the least amount of parts needed for structural purpose. Essentially a small, simplistic craft that packs potentially an infinite Dv compared to actual size of the craft needed for the mission. Normally, there's a mining, but some mods can make it easier, such as GN drive (absolutely OP infinite Dv at no cost), LBSI fuel generators (turns fuel into fuel (weird? Yes, because output is bigger than input, aka inifite fuel)), Buzzard collector (gradually generates fuel at the small cost of constant electricity), and basically nearly everything from Solaris Hypernautics (virtual particle reactors for Kannae drive, Dust collectors/condensator combo, electric-only engines...)

One of my favorite bad science is when a car careening straight through cliff and explode midair (aka before the car even hit the ground, even if it isn't colliding with anything before and just jump into the cliff). It's like the car itself said "screw it, I'm out"

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I can imagine a scenario when a Lunar exploration grows to a level where a permanent research facility is erected on the moon's surface, a shoulder-fired rocket launcher could be useful in regularly sending research samples from moon's surface to earth where recovery teams can pick it up instead of using manned spacecraft. Probably a small reentry capsule like those used in Hayabusa probe? And if the rocket fired could reach a speed of 1400m/s or more, the lack of atmosphere and low gravity should improve it's performance a lot. Perhaps a slower-burning propellant could be used for better control and maneuvering?

On the Lunar surface, with it's lower gravity than earth, is it practical for astronaut to deploy light microsatellite using shoulder mounted rocket launcher? Only instead of warhead it carries satellite payload and orbit circularization thrusters, so the rocket will be fired horizontally on Lunar surface on parabolic suborbital trajectory before using the onboard thrusters to circularize the orbit

Uuuuh... No. You don't need a vessel with 2 pilots. A drone is controllable as long as there's a connection to KSC, whether it's through direct connection or relayed through groundstations, probes or satellites. Basically: A drone without pilot is controllable as long as there's a link to KSC. If a drone is outside range, but there's a nearby craft with a connection to KSC and can relay signal, the drone is still controllable, no matter if the nearby craft has crew or not or whatever the crew's occupation is. A drone with no connection to KSC is uncontrollable (or at least partially controllable if the setting is checked out in difficulty option), but if it contains a crew inside a command module (this means only crewable parts in "command" parts), then the drone is fully controllable (by the crew itself, depending on crew's occupation. Only pilots have access to advanced maneuvering nodes unless flyby wire part is attached or the drone core is advanced enough) you can switch between vessels by pressing [ or ]. The vessel must be in close proximity, around 2 km

Why airship is extremely difficult to shoot down? Holes on it's rigid body should've vented out the lifting gas inside, right?

Started a new career mode, and performing a survey mission to the North Pole It's a loooooong journey...... Reached North Pole. The sun is setting behind us Hey that island looks like a good landing site You know what? this place is a good site for North Pole base/ outpost Watching the sunrise on the next day Doing some science, finishing contract and planting the flag for marking the site as proposed location for future expedition Returning to KSC Home is in sight! Landed safely. By the way, this is my first succesful landing on the runway, ever I also having fun with the Restock mod, especially in "utilizing" the new part design even further. For example: here, is a new rover that I made. I named it "Toasterbox" (Because it looks like toaster lol). Those big white box on top is the new radial-mounted Science Jr. At first, it looks rather bland, unlike common stereotypical appearance of rover that has a lot of junk strapped on top. However... Opening the Science Jr. reveals that it also functions as improvised service bay (which, is very good-looking and aesthetically pleasing)

Easy: make a rocket powered aircraft Medium: launch that rocket aircraft vertically from launchpad and land it horizontally on runway Hard: fly that rocket aircraft beneath the skybridge on RnD complex... Insane: ...And through the tunnel on RnD complex