PB666

should be more like oh chute, here little chute please wont you open for me before we both go splat. I was just going through early game hard mode in an effort to conserve resources i cut the fuel back for the first launches to the minimum required. This turned out not to work the way i wanted. First, the chutes will not fully open if you deploy them below the set altitude. Even if you deploy them at apogee, they still wont open. So I thought I would lower the inflation altitude. This also did not work if you set the altitude lower the chutes come out, but fail to open before hitting the ground even if they were close to apogee when they were deployed. I know from past experience this used to work, and i know you can set the altitude higher and they will deploy. I had some problem with 1.02 with the preset, in some circumstances gear/chute combos were one chute was inadequate to safely land by itself. This was solved by increasing altitude. Now it seems there are more rigid constraints on when and how the chutes will deploy.

kerbals have a different social standard. Think about it like this, no human has ever traveled farther fr om the earth than the far side low lunar orbit of the apollo missions, a week away from earth. The longest station deployment IIRC is around a year. I managed to get maxed ou Kerbal sci in Normal mode in one kerbin year, with Valentina spending a majorty of the year going back and fotrth to the mun a minmus (Jeb minding the sci fuel station), kerbin year is 400 days but 6 hour kerbin days so that is roughly 100 days the pair spent in space. A Mars mission to a returnable mienos would take 2 or more years, you prolly could do a venus flyby in less time but such a mission is pointless. A mars landing mission proper assuming that fuel could be synthesis on Mars would take a decade. A ceres mission might take 5 years, but current rockets lack the effeciency to execute a direct hohmann transferi, landing, and direct hohmann return. So realistically we are prolly talking abou a 15 to 20 year mission with of Pe-gravity boost on Mars and earth to to get there and back. This mission is currently not poosible for biological reasons. The currently propsed mars missions are all suicide missions. IOW, a one way trip, no prospect of expanding a colony no prospect of having reproductively fit offspring. note that the early apollo missions were dangerous, and 2 of the Russian astronauts were aphixiated when the capsule failed to sustain pressure during reentry. KSP would follow a model of a militarized space program. - - - Updated - - - Eve surface to LEO transported system. Beam me up Jebby! - - - Updated - - - I was thinking the same thing, vagrancy laws followig the onset of the little ice age....the use of petty crimes to colonize undeveloped regions of the world. Not to mention the use of colonial endentured servitude as the only real alternative to oppression of the lower stations and was the prelude to slavery in the Americas. The practice of kidnapping people in ports and using them as ship labor selling them as excessively coerced labor on west coast ports. Of course we also have the military draft during the Korean and Vietnam Wars. Fair number of forced marriages in many societies. During the late colonial period in China people were literally selling thier bodies as meat to buy their family out of heroin-related debt. Current penal system is an amusement park compared to some forms of coercian.

Just before exploding, the temperature of the control module and surrounding parts fluctuates wildly (from 4 degrees to over 2500 degrees* within a couple of frames), seemingly triggering under these conditions: 1. the control module is attached to a cargo bay 2. time is accelerated x2 If the cargo bay is replaced with another part (e.g. a fuel tank) no extreme heat fluctuations or explosions take place... similarly nothing bad happens when time acceleration is not used. So it appears like the physics engine can't keep up with cargo bay heat management during minor time warping or something along those lines. Inigma previously posted some explosive observations on cargo bays and control modules, however, those conditions where somewhat different as to what I'm encountering here. Has anyone else experienced anything like this, and if so, with which parts and under which conditions? I've yet to try if this also triggers with the cargo bay open or during day time (in Inigma's thread there was mention of this only happening at night). I'll keep you posted. * Not displayed in this gif for the record I have craft with high ISP engines that burn from essentially 5k to Space, they overheat. A couple of things I found was to make the gravity turn later, and to reduce throttle as soon as possible, preferably below 50%. I haven't yet had parts on a craft overheat after I reduced throttle below 50%, but have many craft that came close. Any electronic device (probe core, battery, solar panel, etc.) will heat up the quickest and be the slowest to cool down. The problem with SSTO is that you need radiators close the stack just about the engine, the longer you intend to hard burn, the more radiators you need. Having said that the heat model is still whack, and some heat may remain under very unrealistic circumstances. Bottom line is that long burns at full throttle need some remediation. ----- You can try putting a heat shield between the lowest tank and the engines and rigging a fuel line between the tanks, that had some effect up until 1.0.3

KSP is for gamers that like to create things versus typical gamers that like combat or arena games. In kerbal when you create an Epic fail rocket, its something to snap and brag about, post pictues of the explosion on Imgur and share on this forum. Its for folks who don't mind to much putting their schooled brain into the game. The premium game is in the addons and mods, at the highest game level when the player masters 3D graphics design, animation, and part configuration, so that any dream ship they have in their head becomes a virtual reality in the game.

In space a spore would undergo dehydration, and dehydration would preserve its activity. It prolly would not survive re-entry into a world outside of being a deposit in the core of some asteroid. Cometary fragments blow up on reentry, the temperature would be to high for DNA or protein to survive. Ionizing radiation from cosmic rays are problematic but survivable for crude life forms, its the stuff of evolution anyway. It is certainly in the realm of plausibility, but given the conditions required to get something into a transplanetary orbit. One thing about re-entry a particle of a small size, that has been dessicated to the max, relatively fluffy could enter earths upper atmosphere at an oblique angle as long as it had a surface capsule protecting it from ablation could slow down sufficiently not to burn up on re-entry. Its surface area to mass it quite large, and thus it would decelerate quite rapidly, it would need to withstand the onslaught of 8000 m/s particles for a short period but once it slowed down below 1000 m/s it could survive reentry into the troposphere boundary. Even if the life did not survive its DNA could be picked up by bacteria and incorporated into bacterial genomes. THis is what is an if and if and if and if argument. If a life form was dislodged from a habitable planet, and if it that said life-form had a dessicated spore state, and if the life form happened to be on an interplanetary trajectory and if it transected earths upper atmosphere at the right angle, and if it was strenuous enough to survive reentry then ... . . . . .. Not likely.

it is possible if you want to wait 100 years such that the apoapsis is so close to pluto the dV required to match speed is low enough. Put a whole bunch of stages around Diemos at 70% of SOI, then join the stages together us a minimal amount of thrust and mostly gravity turns, ION burn approaching pluto and correct orbit with close approach retro burn to maximum stable elliptical orbit, the ION drive burns off of carry on power supply. {it works in KSP} Im suprised this thread has not migrated to manned missions and warp drives, yet. So why would you only want to put the probe core, and if it was only the probe core how would you know you achieved orbit? Is there some reason of value to go to orbit Pluto or go to Sedna? Any possible reward for the investment, the energy density of post plutonium orbit compared to earth/mars transition is almost zero, every ounce of power you would need you would have to take with you. There is no power to land or sample, you could blast a probe into the planet, but you would need a huge IR power supply and receiver to characterize the ejecta. Before we talk about fancy mission to the outer planetoids, lets talk about ways to improve power generation efficiency per mass of long-lived spacecraft.

Its not a quantum thruster yet, they have not done the diversity of experiments that need to be done to prove that are generating thrust as a result interaction with the quanutum vacuum. They also have a problem if it is since thrust = voltage3 and there is clearly inadequate power source for deep space to power such a thruster. My suspicion is if this is a quantum virtual particle effect (As per the wiki page) then it saturates quite rapidly, and to be effective the Q-thrusters would need to be much smaller and spread perpindicular to the acceleration vector over a large area of space.

Sorry, but why don't you just hit Q or E and roll the craft over. As a general rule its not a good idea to tip your craft over. I made to nacell arms that I use as radials that I put my landing gear at the end of, the craft is hard to tip. You can always rescue an abandoned pilot and bring them home. If you have McJeb put it on a capsule and send it up empty to fetch stranded players. I killed Bill in a mission to get skill up engineering, when he was respawned he had skilled up two levels, next time I kill him sooner, lol. Don't take the game too seriously, if on your first moon landing your pilot survives but your ship is lunar paper weight, meh, consider it good luck.

I use the guage on both lift offs and reentry, on reentry its particularly useful to see how much drag your generating, its actually quite useful for planning future aerodrag periapsis. And as a matter of point I never look at the Kerbal guis during flight, I have my eyes on the guages, particular pitch and velocity, the only kerbal that I worry about is the one landing and gathering science data, the rest of the flight they are just along for the atmosphere. On takeoff I don't want to see that guage much above 1g during the early flight phase above 100 m/s, because if I am pushing alot of g force it means I am wasting alot of fuel in drag. There are somethings I let McJeb do, but the launches and gravity turns are all mine.

I put my claw inside of MK3 cargo bay, open the door and let the craft float in slightly tap the gas, and it home again, no need to get our of the ship and push stuff around.

Fuel deliveries and data pickup and Kerbin returns.

I did mention that once an individual has entered the metabolic crisis phases they may experience such physiological depression they may be unable to exercise their way out. Exercise for borderline diabetes is effective, and it has an added benefit that it can reduce blood pressure by 10mmHg so it reduces the risk of other complications. Speaking of physiological depression, excess iron intake, particularly in individuals with hereditary hemochromatosis can make physiological depression much worse, and it can exacerbate all kinds of problems. The physician needs to rule out other causes of physiological depression before recommending iron suppliment (unfortunately typical PCP are not very good at doing this), individuals may actually fair better by getting rid of iron if their saturation is above 72% (good ole fashion blood letting). Individuals should have a blood profile done to see what the hematocrit and hemoglobin levels are before packing alot of iron. About 1 in 50 mid-aged European males carry carry potential hereditary hemo. And increased consumption of lean red meat is sufficient to trip the switch on HC induced depression. "Insulin resistance (often patients have already been diagnosed with diabetes mellitus type 2) due to pancreatic damage from iron deposition"-WP-Hereditary hemochromatosis. There are other conditions also, like polycystic ovary syndrome that one needs to be aware of. So you know, can tell a story of a PCP who tested iron saturation and had a high level but forgot he did the test or tell the patient, and the patient walks into his office 4 years later with a 96% (the limit for ferritin test) saturation and spiralling physiological depression. It goes without saying that if there is another underlying cause for insulin resistance, and exercise and diet are not working the physician and patient should work together to find out what the cause is. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Editorial addition to response: Although I thought the point previously made clear; I should point one area of agreement to Jesrad. For borderline diabetes or prediabetes (people with high A1C and normal fasting glucose), exercise may not be of benefit. Hemoglobin A1C is also seen in athletes and long distance runners, borderline and high A1C with normal fasting glucose is not the fault of lack of exercise although exercise will help to burn fat off the liver that the spike that creates the A1C creates. A1C is indicative of accumulating damage (independent of mitochondrial damage mentioned by Jesrad). This state is almost entirely due to glucose spikes, a result of modern processed foods and drinks and therefore the cause of the spike should be reduced or eliminated from the diet. But mitochondria can proliferatively replace themselves, there are 50 or so copies per cell, much more in a muscle 'cell'. Their are a whole host of problems of burning sugars instead of fats. Lactic acid build up damages neurons and other tissues. Its best to exercise before a meal than after. If you track a long distance runner from the beginning to the end of training for a marathon, the muscles demonstrate they are very good at responding to increase demand. There is an increase of blood flow, increase in myoglobin levels, and increase in mitochondria. The way to get a marathon like muscle mass good at burning fat and indirectly the fat that sugar produces is to excercise. To build muscle however a good source of lean meat is much better for fat, iron and low glucose. You will find yourself however at some outdoor market buying bison meat out of an ice-chest because most of the meat sold at grocery stores is loaded with bad fat (the only exception I can think of trimmed beef heart) and for certain individuals the high levels of arachidonate in in lot fed meat can exacerbate cramping and pain issues. I think I am inclined to follow the believe that a person who regularly engages in vigorous exercise including vigorous walking has a trained muscle that will upon increased demand principally burn fat high, sugar or high fat diet aside. If a person does not reach this level of exercise, their bodies will prefer to burn sugars even if they occasionally vigorously exercise.

Once in space simply expand the distance. What about the folks on the ground, the astronaut is in front of the intake, the Kerbal citizens are in the path of the ejecta. Actually I don't think this is possible, the waste heat is too much, you have to separate the fuel and slow down the reaction or slide the fuel into graphite cylinders. The problem is that once initiated the fissile products remain radioactive and produce heat for years. Its plasma anyway at 2500-4000 degrees, you have corrosive protons and electrons running around at high temperature, your fuel is going to ablate. Ultimately the solution is RF MR direction of the plasma away from the fixed parts of the ship, such as the VASMIR engine does. But that generates RF heat and tramsformer waste. At such temperatures there is no energy gain of oxygen reacting with metals, since the stabilization energies are the addition of electons at those temperatures the labile outer shell electrons are gone. Heating metals in this way is the way that oxides are driven off of metals. Redox based chemistry is irrelevant because there are no stable states. Most every thing will be fluxing into a plasma state. Metals and gases all will lose some outer shell electrons (or they will be in high energy outer shell orbitals). Some of the radioactive engines have the hydrogen going through the fuel sand and becoming hot plasma with an operating temperature around 4000 degrees at the center, the ejected hydrogen carries most of the heat out of the system, there is no way to separate the U once injected into neutron stabilizer bed and loss of some U is expected with friction and erosion. I have my doubts about the space practicality of NERVA like engines.

http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-33421208 This is a new link. Pluto has a slight red color, but because of the low amount of sunlight would appear dark reddish brown. Pluto also has equatorial spots

One of the reasons some professional athletes age faster than the general population is that they do exactly this eat more calories to sustain a heightened fitness and strength. The problem is that excessive calories is a tax on the liver. From an excercise point of view the body really wants to burn fat, fat burns in pure O2 but glucose undergoes the alanine cycle and produces lactic acid. So the liver likes to convert sugar to fat and send it off to the muscles in LDL bodies. This ages the liver more rapidly than if one has a balanced diet of protein, fat and carbohydrates. The problem with consuming fat to solve this problem is the cheapest source of fat is animal fat (generally the fat of animals that have been raised in feed lots) and is not healthy because of the high levels of saturation and arachidonate. As long as you are very athletic, meaning you are not accumulating fat, the arachindonate burns. But if you are not this the arachidonate rises and causes inflammation (increasing risk for rhuematoid arthritis and type 1 diabetes), but also increasing risk for prostate cancer and putatively (base on animal studies) breast and ovarian cancers. So there is no fast remedy to deal with excess calories. There is also the believe that steroids can help you pack on muscle and this will help deal with excess calories in the diet. Muscle is made of protein from dietary amino-acids, and for this to work you actually have be be working out before taking them, otherwise all the excess calories are added as weight, a small amount of muscle increase and alot of fat. I suspect the OP had a finding from his doctor that he had borderline Hb A1C. This is a common finding in young people and it will lead to diabetes over years, but it is so easily remedied because the spike of glucose often occurs (even in fit individuals) because they eat something sweet like ice-cream before going to bed. If glucose spikes are the problem (meaning A1C is borderline or high) then simply removing the spikes corrects the problem, its relatively easy. _However_ as one ages one becomes more susceptible to the effects of glucose, metabolism slows down, and so we also need to eat less. There was a recent study from New Zealand suggesting that at 38 years of age some individuals are aging 3 times faster than others. I suspect that sugar intake is part of this equation. The second easy remedy is to remember that 3 meals a day and a snack, with the lion share of the calories in the breakfast and lunch can really take the head off the spikes. They also make your metabolism work more efficiently and keep the vital organs from aging too fast and declining. Third fat burns in a small stream of sugar, and so if you want the body to burn fat nominally you should not have glucose swinging up to 200mg/dL and then down to 60.

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which two HLA types DRB1*03:01, *04 and DQB1*03:02, *02:01 mediate a response to several proteins including bovine insulin in milk, proinsulin, GAD65, and several Beta-islet cell surface proteins. The autoantibodies themselves do not cause disease, but the B-cells and plasma cells are attracted to beta-islet cell surface and attract the CD8+ T-cells (killer cell phenotype) which kill the islet cells. The how of the B-cell homing to islet cell and cytokine/lymphokine attraction to islet cells has not be fully worked out. Risk factors are maternal (lack of sunlight, excess blood sugar, lack of vitamin D in diet, infection), neonatal (HLA class II antigens, non-HLA autoimmune gene risk factors, birthweight, Age of wheat consumuption onset-dubious, presence of gluten sensitivity 'Coeliac disease', neonatal viral infections of the GI tract including coxsackie virus, enterovirus, influenza, and via coeliac risk rotavirus) and adult (Type II diabetes, obesity, HLA DR3-DQ2/DR4-DQ8 genotype, aracidonate, another autoimmune disease). Conversion of autoantibody profile from one to two specificities predicts future disease and more than two autoantibodies correlates with type 1 diabetes. IN essence it means if you have 3 kinds of B-lymphocyte/plasma cell specificities you have enough to attract sufficient programmed cell death cell types to kill the b-islet of the pancrease. Simply stated excess glucose effects metabolism. Chronic excess the body absorbs more glucose that it can readily convert to saturated fat on the liver. Whereby it is also known as fatty liver diabetes. As glucose levels rise the body produces more insulin [increasing the risk for LADA type 1 diabetes (of adults, type 1 diabetes is not just a juvenile onset disease)], but as time goes by it knows less what to do with that glucose. It is quite fortunate for you that T1D is quite livable now. They are currently undertaking a large decadal epidemiological study in Europe (largely norther Europe) to find the causes and best treatment strategies for type 1 diabetes. Hopefully we will finally get some answers on the environmental factors that cause this terrible disease. The causes appear at present to run in cycles, with viral infections playing a big wild-card in children, and vitamin-D and sunlight levels in female parents of diabetic children. Other risk factors include saturated fat versus poly-unsaturated (alpha-linoleic acid derivatives) fat in diet. Common to all diabetes appear to be the role of gastrointestinal sensitizing agents such as NSAIDS, wheat and other big 8 allergens, glutamate, benzoate, tartarazine. It is not clear why but elements of the innate immune system may respond to GI stress by sending signals to the ducts that connect to the gall bladder, pancrease and liver and alter their function. This can cause fatigue and make diabetes worse. Bread is a good thing to back off of for several reasons, packaged drinks have alot of benzoate and sugar. Glucose in its linear form is an aldehyde, it reacts with -NH2 (protein amino moieties) to form schiff bases, and this can cause permanent damage to the bodies non-regenerative tissues (brain, eyes), but also leads into metabolic syndrome. Its damage over time. It also reacts with hemoglobin forming A1C. A1C is a measure of spikey glucose which often occurs because people do not eat regular meals but a large dinner and then go to sleep. The primary goal is to reduce glucose spikes. This means 3 healthy meals and one snack a day. Dinner (classically a big meal) should not be the largest meal, should be low in carbs and should not be eaten 4 hours before sleeping. Excercise is very effective at treating type 2 diabetes, but if the diet is messed up the individual may feel depressed and not feel like exercising. Chronic subacute inflammation of the bowel is frequently undetected in diabetics and is often the result of a bad diet. Changing the diet increasing vitamin B and omega-3 fats (cold-water fish, flax seed oil and canola oil) increase the energy levels and help to reduce inflammation. In Northern Europe vitamin D also appears to be a common deficiency and this is known to affect risk for 2 forms of diabetes. Bread is not as essential as Europeans make it out to be, the Mesolithich peoples of Europe did not eat bread, they lived on Fish meats, hazelnuts, fruits and tubers, compared to their neolithic counterparts they were alot healthier. The bread/Cow diet is suitable for settled peoples but mesolithic peoples need energy because they are constantly moving about. The basic analogy here is that Finland has the highest diabetes rates in the world, particularly type 1, the same peoples on the other side of the border in Russia have 10 fold lower type 1. Finland unfortunately is one of two peoples that have high composite levels of DR3-DQ2 and DR4-DQ8. The other comparable is Jalisco Mexico. Oddly type 1 diabetes in Jalisco is lower, restricted to mainly peoples of European primary descent (DR3-DQ2 bearers largely from Basque) even though the levels of DR4-DQ8 is much higher in mestizo derived and in Europe and the US is DR4-DQ8 is a much higher risk factor for type 1 diabetes. Corn tortillas versus bread. Think global food alternatives. I am fortunate because I was brought up between two food cultures (Mexican and American) and I live close to one of the biggest outdoor food markets in the southern United States. So I can pick the best of food cultures that span the Americas and most of the European foods. I don't even think about bread anymore, the more you find the good stuff the less you want to eat junk. Whole grains bind the starch up in fiber, it takes time for gut amylases to reach the starch and for the sugars to diffuse out and reach the lamina propria of the small intestine. Wheat flour is 95% starch finely ground, it takes no time in the stomach for amylases to reach the starch and turn it into glucose, the same is true for white rice (99.5% starch). This sugars goes into the blood stream as soon as it finds a surface it can be absorbed through. In essence bread and white rice are akin to eating their dry weight in sugar. The best sources of sugar in whole grains are those with fiber content over 8%, these are whole oats, buckwheat (chopped), and Quinoa. Chopped or nixtzmalized corn (nixtmalized corn has no free sugar) are a cheep alternative. I would not say beans are particularly bad, but refried beans may have the same release rate as wheat flour and alot of saturated fat. But there are lots of alternative grains, chopped malted barley, millet, etc. Just about every culture has a cheap readily available whole grain alternative. In other words its not the thing so much as what is done to the thing after it goes into processing, highly processed foods release their payload quickly, and unprocessed foods need the process of diffusion over time to get their goodies out. Gluten-free since 2003.

You mean to say if I want any thread closed all I need to do is write "Squad can you please may the SOI realistic". Wow thats like open saysame.

A1. Not hard for the larger planets, for the smaller worlds with large SMA its a its a bit tricky. Intercepting small planet SOIs can often be achieved in three stages, a base burn, a refinement burn about half the distance, and the circularization retro. A2. yep, true A3. Ascent guidance is not as efficient since 1.0. I found it made the gravity turn way too soon and some craft will be unstable. Ascent guidance is one MechJeb feature I rarely use. A4. Delta-v stats in VAB is very useful. But MJ sometimes does not know how to calculate the staging properly (amny features in 1.0 do not work optimally). I use the stats as a guide but rely on experience to guess how much DV I will have at orbit. Guessing on how much DV one is going to get is silly. Landings I have been a bit lazy with lately, I mean seriously farming the Mun for science hitting each domain 2 or 3 times, Once is enough. However, even if you do not use the autoland feature, the pick target on map also shows biome boundaries (textual) which means if you know what the Mun biomes are then MechJeb can help you find the best place to land. For instance don't try to land the Polar lowlands at the North Munar pole, there is flat surfaces near the south Pole that are much safer, the MechJeb pick target feature can aid the finding of these areas when they are sol facing (sort of). I lost a ship to MechJeb the other day trying to complete a mission where the target was a small strip of flat area on the lip of a crater, MechJeb got confused and basically inverted the rocket at a non-existent landing site in clean space. Docking, lost too many ships to McJeb glitches. Do not use it. For planets, I let McJeb make the base burn, I focus on the target celestial and generally retrograde a touch to the closest I can get to my target orbit (the refine the intercept about 1/4th the distance to the target), for some planets like Moho, I want my intercept to be distant from the planet, because I am coming in hot and generally will need ion drive or nuclear engine to get there, I need time to slow down and that early retrograde is going to drive the periapsis close to the planet.

Using a mouse is cheating, come to think of it using a computer screen is also cheating, keyboard, computer....cheating. Go to your nearest tree, find a giant rubber band and using a comalong pull the rubberband backwards and tie it off with a strong rope, then place yourself in the rubber band and cut the rope.......that's not cheating. I was reading the game advertisement on Amazon today, it says game is mod friendly with lots of mods to download online, so if modding is cheating . . . . . . .

So here is one heat anomaly. I have a Munar lander. Its designed to go back and forth from a fuel station while it picks up little tidbits of low-hanging munar fruit. (under the optimization strategy that time is as valuable as money or reputation). So the little engine that this lander has causes the heat gui to turn green and sometimes orange during the long ascent and landing burns. The craft has 3 of these engines and 3 small heat radiators. The gui on many parts, mostly science, goes orange eventually subsides to green. However_ after 9 days on the Mun, the last of which were on the dark side of the Mun, the gui is still green. During the period I turned the game off, shut down the computer and restarted. Having filled the vessel with science I then returned it to Kerban, still gui showing green on 30 or so parts. I set the reentry ellipse from the moon to 50k Pe and when the crafts (retrograde) erupted in "reentry plasma light-show" the GUIs all disappeared. Apparently the heat model for the game does not know how to deal with radiative heating on a light-less, vacuum-less planet. It does know how to dissipate heat purely radiatively. I did a partial retro-burn partial aerobraking descent to Kerbin, during 4x physics warp one part, I don't know which exploded although no heat bars were showing.

CO2 tends to dissolve in cold alkaline solutions, Sea water being alkaline. CO2 is absorbed in the arctic and is eventually carried into the deepest ocean layers which take decades to come back to the surface. There are already report that some of the cold upwellings in the northern latitudes are so acidic that calcium carbonate shell formers have difficulty growing. The ocean is a giant buffer, it will suck up CO2 until the pKa range of carbonate and borate buffers, once close to the acidic end it will no longer support absorbtion and all emitted CO2 will simply linger in the atmosphere. As the oceans heat up the CO2 retention capacity will diminish.

As inefficient as NASA is its the premier space agency. NASA budget as a percentage of GDP is a fraction of what it was in the 70s, the same is true for NIH and NSF. Face the fact, ignorant Americans don't want to pay tax dollars for science. As Asia comes up America goes down. I hear this gripe about how awful and inefficient the space shuttle is, compared to what, lets look at the success of other ISS delivery systems over the last 18 months. How many launch failures in the last month?

Everything is survivable, the microbes will survive, alot of deep see vent dwellers would survive, just about any event except a supernova. That out of the way - human survival. The human doomsday bomb - overpopulation. The cause to much herbivore activity, to little substrate and nutrients.\ The result too much carbon in the atmosphere, to little photosynthetic activity on land. The scenario. Drought, roving disasters particularly unpredicted rainfall and wind events. Loss of cropland productivity in many areas, war, conflict in areas of historic grain production like Oh wait historic grain production (fertile crescent). Decline of water resources (Tigris and Euphrates, Nile). Conflict in historic grain producing areas (Syria, Iraq, Egypt). Everything is survivable except suicidal stupidity. http://www.indexmundi.com/map/?v=31

This follows the basic form of a Monte Carlo analysis with three independent random variables. Random number generator 1 creates the theta of the spin Random number generator 2 creates the theta of observer 1 (this should accurate be composed of an X,Y,Z axis) Random number generator 3 creates the theta of observer 2 (this should accurate be composed of an X,Y,Z axis) Calculate the delta vector between observer 1 and 2

If you are on the moon just place 500 kilos of weight your lunatians to carry around in a rec room 2 hours a day. Problem solved. You can take plastic or rubber weights and fill them with lunar sand. Stable lunar colony is Build underground Lighting is from LED Plant growth is same LED from solar power/battery power. Reliant on earth for raw materials like water, carbon, At least until it reaches a critical mining and processing mass.