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Everything posted by kerbiloid
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Did we discover nuclear technology “too early”
kerbiloid replied to awsumguy76801's topic in Science & Spaceflight
Only to make it small, safe, and effective. The basic math/phys is almost kindergarten with shovels. -
One sentence you could say to annoy an entire fan base?
kerbiloid replied to Fr8monkey's topic in Forum Games!
The Weasleys are indeed losers. -
Calling 911 to wake them up.
- 1,195 replies
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Granted. You watch Flash Gordon (the movie). I wish Space Hunter was a series.
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Floor 5051: >noclip
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Banned for being a Sand Man.
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Did we discover nuclear technology “too early”
kerbiloid replied to awsumguy76801's topic in Science & Spaceflight
*** Late XVI. The glass jewelry gives first spherical lenses, and thus starts microscoping and telescoping, resulting into "polish your balls by rubbing them with cloth" competition. Mid-XVII. Otto von Guericke (or some persons known under this name) is experimenting with the basics of almost all known physics. He's rubbing the balls with fur, and this results into primitive electrostatic generator (sulfur ball + fur). Interesting fact: kinda Thales of Miletus was enjoying this with an nephrite amber spindle and fur, but like always this kind of fun was kinda forgotten for 2k years. He's experimenting with a primitive sucking machine, made of a cylinder, a piston, and a rope. This became the first vacuum pump. Interesting fact: kinda Ktesibios was doing it, but without a rope, but this advanced technology was kinda forgotten for 2k years. He's experimenting with two hemispheres with a valve. This resulted into the gas physics, atmospheric pressure, and various other games. Interesting fact: kinda Hero of Alexandria was playing with so-called "aeolipile", just blowing with steam from inside instead of sucking the air from it. Anyway it was kinda forgotten for almost 2k years. He's experimenting with calorimetry, measuring the amount of heat, required for heating, or releasing on cooling He invented various scientific instruments, attached to the wall of his home. He was doing this all between the dull duties of burgomaster, manager, ambassador, and so on, and being a friend of the emperor, conquered his city. But it doesn't matter, let's think it was indeed a one real man. So, von Guericke and Torricelli had began the gas physics, then Boyle (the 7th son of the 7th son a super-rich British lord, and the 14th his child) had ordered the vacuum pump improvement in the local workshop, and was doing the modern gas physics which we know and love, making fun from the dry language of science (pumping air from glass spheres with small animals inside became a popular saloon fun 300+ years before the Expanse series). At the same time the electrostatic generator became another saloon fun. Somebody was holding the wires, another one was winding the handle, so a sparkle suddenly hit the first one, then both were laughing. The most experienced ones were getting electric arcs, hitting the counterpart through the air. The strong glass spheres together with vacuum pumps and electrostatic generators unexpectedly led to another kind of fun. The attempts to cause as strong and long sparkle as possible made combining them, and discover the arc discharge in vacuum tubes. But the joy was not full without the electric charge storage, because it was too boring to keep winding the generator handle. Happily, they discovered a leyden jar. The idea was simple like a crowbar. The electricity is invisible liquid, so let's pour it into a jar. It was a glass jar with an iron chain inside, which allowed to store much greater charge, before it hit the person who was holding the jar in hands. Later they replaced the chain with a wire and a foil, so the fun became more effective. The most famous experiment with it was when several tens of soldiers were holding hands of two neighbours, then a big leyden jar was discharged, so the observers noticed various funny screams and poses of the (un)told volunteers. The electrostatic generator together with the vacuum tube, and a battery of leyden jars made it possible to experiment with so strong arcs in the tube, that the gas inside was glowing. At the same time the experiments with pumps, hemispheres, gas physics, and calorimetry, and the steel revolution of XVIII gave the steam engines. Attaching it to the electrostatic generator was promising by orders of magnitude greater fun. But a century before Otto von Guericke (whoever it was), the English Elizabeth I and James I were sometimes suffering from constipation. So, their doctor, William Gilbert, was reading books, and had read that the powder from Magnesia, i.e. magnetic ore, is a good laxative. (It indeed is. If eat a kilogram of it and retrogradely approach to an industrial magnetic crane.) He started experimenting with magnets, and became the guru of magnetism, giving to the humanity the physics of magnetism (it stays unclear, did it help against the royal constipation, but both patients had ended not quite well, so who knows). It appeared that it's much better to rotate a magnet with steam engine, so the electric engines and generators appeared. But the adepts of the arc discharges in vacuum tubes became addicted more and more. They discovered that the glowing is attracted by the magnets and electric wires, so the ubergrossekolossal vacuum tubes became "cathode-ray tubes" (Doesn't relate to Rey Skywalker, though who knows, the lightsabres do glow...) They discovered that some materials start glowing in presence of the "cathode-ray tubes". Since early times, the alchemists were experimenting with purifying of chemicals. Since Lavoisier disproved the classic four elements, and other archaic stuff, before being beheaded, and thanks to the industrial revolution, the purification ran much faster, so the alchemscientists got pure crystals of various chemical compounds, and discovered the fluorescence, i.e. glowing in UV (for example, under the sunlight). As nobody knew, what are those cathodes-schmatodes, fluorescence-mluorescence, and other fancy vile things, the same physicists were studying them all at once, storing a heap of junk on the same table. Thanks to that (and to the expensive lighting of laboratory), when Roentgen late in the evening had switched on the cathode-ray tube, the cathode rays hit the crystal of fluorescent compound laying aside and made it glow. (And no, it's not a lucky coincidence, it's a systematic mess at the workplace, and absence of elementary tidiness. If not Roentgen, a week later somebody else would do the same in his scientific lair.) First he thought that it's some (obviously poisonous, but who cares) gas, but after playing with a piece of carton, putting it between the tube and the crystal, he got ensured that it's not (poisonous) gas, it's just (poisonous) ray. Experimenting with the X-ray (xathode-ray ?) tube, and his wife's and assistant's parts of body, Roentgen had studied the X-rays and published his results for free. Meanwhile, Henri Becquerel was playing with funny glowing fluorescent compounds, putting them under sun together with photopaper, then developing them. So, he "suddenly" discovered that a uranium compound, lying on his table among other chemicals, works like the sunlight, emitting invisible rays. He published this interesting fact, so everyone who was having a piece of uranium salt on his table, could have a fun, too. So, it again was not a miracle, but a mess on the worktable with predictable result from unpredictable person. The Curies read the article, and immediately decided to experiment with. They got the same result, and started purifying the uranium salt, realizing that it's uranium, who glows. But keeping doing the purification to extract the emitting piece of the uranium, they realized that it's not uranium, who glows. But an admixture of radium an polonium. Thus, they got some amount of purified radium solution, which was causing glowing much better than the original uranium salt. And immediately published their result to show a tongue to Becquerel. Becquerel read their article, and visited them. They gave him a vial with the radioactive solution, to show it to the students. Becquerel expectably put the radioactive vial in the pocket of pants, right near the family souvenirs (what can go wrong with the unknown rays from toxic compound?), and was walking a whole day with it, getting a burn of the vial shape. (It is not clear, if he had shown to the students only the vial, or the burn, too). Amused and happy, he came to the Curies, to show them the burn. The Curies joined to his joy, and Pierre Curi attached the vial to his forearm, to get much better burn than the Becquerel's. Expectably, he got what he wanted, and then several months was trying to cure the burn. (So, who knows, maybe that draft horse just gifted him euthanasia, before their radium plays caused something else). What did Maria Curie do after looking at those two geniuses? Obviously, she started wearing a vial of radium on her chest. Interesting fact: none of them even had a thought to first try it on a mouse. Meanwhile, the von Guericke experiments with electrization of the sulfur ball surface, and the XVIII century electric generators brought the electric telegraph, and the electric lamps. The electric liquid was flowing along the copper wires as via pipes, and a telegraphist was opening/closing the valve with a Morse key. But by measuring the electric effects they realised, that the electric liquid consists of particles, which were called electrons. Meanwhile the chemists were purifying and purifying various compounds, studying the compound proportions in chemical reactions, and came to a strange conclusion: all "chemical element" masses are proportional to the hydrogen mass as integers. This made to think than the elements' atoms actually consist of hydrogen atoms packed together. But the appearance/disappearance of the electric charge led to the next conclusion: the atom consists of equal amounts of heavy positive particles, "protons", and equal amount of the lightweight electrons. This brought the "pudding model of atom", where the protons and electrons form pieces of sticky mess (same as the physicists' mess on the table), called "atoms". But the experiments of the ray scattering had shown, that some electrons are orbiting about a core, consisting of prototns and intranuclear electrons, and probably the reason of the difference is the electrons' energy. So, by 1910 the pudding model of atom turned into the pudding model of nucleus with orbital electrons around. But the purification of the chemicals was going on, bringing more and more pure elements, and allowing to measure their atomic masses. And this caused another confusion. The atomic masses of same elements from different places were different. (That's because various deposits had contained different isotopes, and their decay chains had brought different amounts of isotopes of the same element). They realised, that there are atoms of the same element, which contain different amounts of proton-electron pairs in the nucleus. They called this isotopes. Meanwhile, the chemists were purifying the elements, and realized that the elements form a linear sequence, more or less by mass, and their chemical properties look periodic, but not that simply. They were arranging them by mass, writing in rows, columns, and squares, and finally got several variants of the periodic table, between which the Mendeleev's version appeared to be the most close to reality. Though, it happened only because he had arbitrarily swapped and joined some elements, based on his great experience in chemistry, but without any idea of what is the element number Z in the table, except just an item index. So: From your pov: 3He = (2p+n) + 2e, 4He = (2p+2n) + 2e, Z = number of p From the great nuclear physicists of the early XX pov: 3He = (3p+e) + 2e, 4He = (4p+2e) + 2e, Z = number of p minus number of e in the nucleus = who knows, what's it at all. When in 1920s they discovered helium in the spectrum of Sun, it became clear for everyone, than the Sun is powered by the fusion of four atoms of hydrogen into one atom of helium. 4[(p)+e] → (4p + 2e) + 2e The only unclear thing was, how can four atoms of hydrogen collide all at once. Immediately, it gave an idea: if compress a tank of hydrogen very-very much, the temperature inside will adiabatically raise, and some hydrogen atom will quad-collide and form atoms of helium, releasing much-much energy. But the fundamentally improbable physics of such collisions made this frustrating. Meanwhile, the physicists were having rest by melancholically putting a radioactive source against a barrel of steam, and making photos of the traces, left by charged particles in its volume. The barrel was in electric field, making the charged particle have curved trajectories. Usually, they were using expensive radium and polonium in a lead case with a hole. Having no idea how to make this useful, they were putting sheets of various material between the hole and the steam barrel, and measuring, how thick should be the sheet to weaken the beam. When Rutherford was asked, if the nuka-physics can be used as weapon, he laughed and explained, that no, it's just a toy for the scientists. It was joyful and pretty, before they put a beryllium sheet in front of the polonium source. The alpha particles from polonium were bombing the beryllium nuclei, and thus some straight traces appeared in the barrel, left by some beams, insensitive to the electric field. It was unexplainable, and they called it "beryllium rays". Now they were also melancholically experimenting with the beryllium rays, and with same practical result. In 1932 it got proven that the beryllium rays consist of heavy neutral particles, called "neutrons", and then that the nuclei consist of protons and neutrons, so the fusion means not just merging, but also turning p and n to each other. Thus, instead of (4p+2e)+2e the helium became (2p+2n)+2e. It also explained that Z is the number of protons, constant for an element, and the isotopes have same amount of p, but different number of n. Meanwhile, the chemists were keeping distilling various substances to make them pure. And finally in 1934 they found deuterium, whih was not (2p+e)+e, like they could think earlier, but (p+n)+e, as they knew now. The sun and fusion bomb became absolutely clear now. Pairs of hydrogen fuse into deuterium, then pairs of deuterium fuse into helium. Bingo! No quad collisions, only pairs! Of course, it was wrong, but who cares. Having no idea what to do with it, they started electrolizing heavy water, and bombing heavy water with deuterium ions. So, they discovered traces of tritium. They spent several years and enormous amount of money to distil some tritium from water and define its concentration, but failed. Because there was just 2 kg of tritium per Earth before the nuclear tests. To get significant amount of energy from fusion, they had to compress not a tank of hydrogen, but a tank of deuterium. So, they were trying to produce small amounts of heavy water. Also, they began experiments with explosive implosion spheres, fruited in the lovely series of experiments, when the Germans were compressing silver balls by implosion. But the calculations had shown, that it's not easy to compress deuterium with chemical explosives, but at the same time D+T should fuse at much lower temperature, so a D+T cryotank should be compressed by the explosives, and heat up the main reservoir with liquid D by adiabatically compressing it in a tube. But the fusing D would be expanding and cooling, so they needed something to compress it back. The obvious choice was to surround it with liquid hydrogen, whose atomic mass is twice lower, so the pressure is twice higher. After WWII it brought the presumed RDS-6t design of a 5-t-heavy pure hydrogen bomb. (The attempt failed because the reaction was coming together with instabilities in the reacting medium.) But there were unsolvable problems: 1. D+T is still too heatproof for the chemicals. 2. There is no T in nature, while there was no idea of atomic reactors, so the only way of accumulating T was particle acceleration, producing pathetic amounts of it. 3. Once they had collected measurable amount of tritium, they realized that it's radioactive, so they can't store it forever. Every 12 years they would be losing a half of it. Having no idea what to do, they were having fun by bombarding with neutrons various things. And finally in 1938 they had bombarded uranium. As any smart street guy would first try bombarding that uranium thing which Becquerel used, just from magic thinking (it worked once, should work again), we can state the fact, that the excessive education and overcomplicated thinking have played an evil joke on the physicists, delaying the fission discovery by five-six years. Look at the radioactivity pioneers of late XIX. They were never thinking before trying. Once they had known that the uranium fisses under neutrons, and releases more neutrons that flew inside, the further progress was just a question of time. Actually, the first nukes have been tested 7 years after the fission discovery (1945-1938), or 13 year after the neutron discovery and realizing that the nuclei consist of p and n (1945-1932), or half-century after the cathode rays experiments and fluorescence study, or less than 300 years after the von Guericke's experiments. As the von Guericke experiments actually require technologies of the early iron epoch, just were looking better in XVII scenery, we can state that any developed civilisation must make its first nukes by the end of its first millenium, so the humans have done it unforgivably slowly. *** Actually, this means that there can be only two kind of sapient species: troglodytes and nukemasters. The humans are in the delayed jump from to. A grain of pepper. What if the 25s are just accumulated as debt? Overpopulation. P.S. Motto of the real science: -
Did we discover nuclear technology “too early”
kerbiloid replied to awsumguy76801's topic in Science & Spaceflight
Both versions are actually true. After the humanity had been mostly self-destroyed in the nuclear war of XXI, and was thrown back to the XIX technologies, it took them two centuries to rediscover the nuclear power again in XXIII. -
The Pallas cats / manuls are too deadly even for a terminator. The idea was to hunt one aim, not to start bloodbath on the very arrival. Nobody would try to take this thing and find Sarah Connor to bring it. *** They were thinking that there was a cyborg on board of Nostromo.
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The druids come and worship the goat. Druid Hill
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One sentence you could say to annoy an entire fan base?
kerbiloid replied to Fr8monkey's topic in Forum Games!
Why does the Griffindor faculty exist? No, it's not for the defenders, for the heroes... It's because a university must have some amount of ballast for the football team, while the talented Ravenclaw students study, and the hardworking Hufflepuff students hardwork. Why does the Slytherin faculty exist? Because the football team need some mannequins to beat them up. -
Banned for Fourier transforming the tree waves.
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Floor 5047: Just a floor. Without the walls.
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Granted. You are at the N/S Korea border. They are having a balloon festival this week. I wish a balloon could reach the Moon.
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Evening On arrival to Eve.
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One sentence you could say to annoy an entire fan base?
kerbiloid replied to Fr8monkey's topic in Forum Games!
The word "to smell" can mean both "to stink" and "to feel the stink". Literally it means "somebody here needs a bath". -
You suddenly inherit £100k, what do you do with it.
kerbiloid replied to boriz's topic in The Lounge
Better convert into caps. P.S. Btw, we still don't know if somebody had seen the event... process... of the inheritance. Any witnesses? Security webcams? -
Is A Totally Objective State Of Mind (for scifi aliens) Even Practical?
kerbiloid replied to Spacescifi's topic in The Lounge
The all-knowing thing knows, why did OP ask this question, and hides. -
It's a pity that the young years of the most body-positive heroes of the SW are still not properly depicted. What made Jabba Desilijic Tiure of Nal Hutta become what he appears to be in the SW? Was he a victim of the school bullying, when they were objectifying his body-gifted look? Were they prohibiting him to have any pet animal, even a reptile in the dungeon? Was he having a possibility to drive a desert suspended yacht, or his elder siblings were laughing at him and pushing him back from it? I can't believe that his multifaceted nature could turn to evil without a pressing from the surrounding society. There must be light and kind sides of his character. Say, the episode when he pulls chained Leya to him, definnitely opens his internal loneliness. He wants to hug and be hugged, he doesn't want to be alone between the crowd of the minions. Hi fragile, trembling nature of a big child just can't express his feelings more softly.
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They also followed the false way of androids, even when they were a boy and a woman. Expectedly, it got even worse in the Screamers 2, let me unsee this facepalm. But if in Terminator-1, instead of a biker with a shotgun, somebody had found a kitten with "Pleazzze, return me to Sarah Connor!11 " on the collar, the humans would be much more co-operative, and no Kyle Reese could oppose. Sometimes any cat acts like a misguided terminator from the future, having lost its mission objective.
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The Terminator universe was created before the internet had appeared. This is the reason why the people were successfully fighting against the evil AI, and its terminator army. Was it created in the internet epoch, Skynet would know that the assassinobots should look not as humans, but as kittens.
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Ask a stupid question, Get a stupid answer back.
kerbiloid replied to ThatKerbal's topic in Forum Games!
After the futurepast had been changed, we do not exactly know what was the Delorean initially. Was the hovering board today's electric scooter? -
Directional giving is cheating.
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Floor 5043: A gremlin at the floor of the normal everyday office.