kerbiloid

Slaves, building a Dyson sphere with pickaxes and shovels...

27 single engines on start. This begins to resemble N-1 with its 30. Probably, ~1 bar/10 m * 4 g, i.e. several bars of pressure.

Many astronomers will earn Ph.D. Astronomical faculties will build a Wall against school pupils' zerg rush to protect the last remains of professional respectability. Cinema, toys and souvenir vendors will go to sleep with "KIC 8462852" name on their lips. Preachers will get a visible and ultimate evidence for their followers. Every fastfood cafe will include a KIC8462852burger in their menu. Several years later nobody cares. As no visible profit can be gained.

No problem for many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics, but this is obviously beyond the range of applicability of the modern physical theories.

Keeanu Reeves beats a face of computer virus as Johnny Mnemonic, then he beats a face of computer antivirus as Neo. Opponents alter, methods stay the same.

In any case you should select an initial Earth year, some Earth year when you presume 01.01.YYYY on Earth = 01.01.0000 on Kerbin. And count days from that date. According to wiki , "Kerbal Space Program first compiled on 2011 January 17". So, you can take 2011 as a Kerbals' Great Awakening Year and use "01.01.2011 00:00:00 GMT" as a zero moment "00.00.0001 0:00:00 KMT". In the Kerbin system you use not a Kerbin's planetary time (counting visible passes of the Sun over the sky watching from surface), but some absolute time, and there is integer days amount in a year, so there cannot be a leap year. If you were an ancient Kerbal gazing at the Sun from the ground and creating an empiric calendar, then you would get a fractional days number in a year and probably should use leap years with an additional day or month.

I'm afraid, the process direction is reversed here. But before any atmosphere can freeze, it first must appear. Planets appear mostly from the space dust which is, say, a dirty snow. All gases listed above (except H and He) are mostly frozen snowflakes → snowballs → snow hills → protoplanetary bodies. If the body is being created far from the Sun, it stays more or less icy, as: it's enough cold to keep them frozen, less numerous bodies with large distances between them. So, we get Kuiper planetinos, icy moons of gas giants, comets, other snowy stuff. If the body appears close to the Sun, when it's hot, then the dust is hot and looses much of volatile chemicals (hydrocarbons and so on). Here we receive a rocky planet rich with metal oxides but absolutely poor with H2O, CO2 and other volatile substances. Also, all kept volatiles are bound inside chemicals compounds (hydrates, carbonates, etc) and release when they get molten under 1500 K temperatures and release as volcanic gases. So, if the space body is far and cold, the ice stays icy, just permanently loosing into space the most volatile or "UV-splittable" compounds. If the space body is hot, it had lost all volatile substances billions years ago. It's atmosphere is more or less greenhouse, the Sun luminosity is constantly increasing, so why would it freeze? And even if so (say, ice creation enforces albedo) — what can be frozen here except of H2O, CO2 and SOx if there is nothing more except very cryogenic O2/N2, which anyway stay gaseous on such distances. So, we can't get a frozen ice from a gas which is gone far ago — on Mercury or Venus.

Plants are not necessary green. http://www.livescience.com/1398-early-earth-purple-study-suggests.html

Some other pages with pictures from the same site (in case it's hard to navigate through Russian) (Content page http://cosmopark.ru/kpk_isz.html ) http://cosmopark.ru/7k/7k.htm http://cosmopark.ru/rb/index.html http://cosmopark.ru/lk.htm http://cosmopark.ru/lun9.html http://cosmopark.ru/lun10.htm

Just some images of TKS VA interior, maybe something useful for IVA. http://cosmopark.ru/ur500/tks.htm http://cosmopark.ru/ur500/tks2.htm http://cosmopark.ru/ur500/tks3.htm

Sulfate-reducing bacteria are anaerobic.

Then you probably can explain how an oxygen atmosphere can co-exist with "energetical" amounts of H2S.

Oxygen 1s22s22p4 Sulfur 3s23p4

Read periodic table, please.

A compromise easily solves this problem: would explode along the bones joints.

To activate photosynthesis reaction you need a photon with energy enough high for ionization. From the opposite side, its energy would be not too high — to not ionize all around. UV photons crash all around, so white/blue star specters are hostile and dangerous for life. But the weaker is photon — the less is probability that it can ionize something and start a photosynthetic reaction. The Sun specter photons are near optimum: enough powerful, but not overpowered. The lower is probability of photosynthetic reaction — the more photons are lost as a heat. So, the more "infrareder" the light — the less part of photons run photosynthesis — the slower is chemical energy accumulation — the lower is "edible energy" density per surface area — the less food — the more anemic and less numerous beings. Sleepy crawlers crawling to "catch" herbovorous crawlers, or so. As an example: a tiny tropical snake can kill with one bite, while the nothern vipers must bite by three of them just to be noticed. Poison production requires energy. Btw, as brown dwarfs are convective through all their volume, we can presume that temperature (and weather) conditions are pretty unstable on its closest satellites.

Hardly. Chemically, Sulfur is an analog of Oxygen — and it's an effective oxidizer, of course, and H2S is analog of H2O - and it's an effective solvent. This allows sulfur / H2S-based life to exist. But the solvent must be liquid — while the oxidizer must be liquid or gaseous. None of them would be solid. Substance Melting point, K Boiling point, K Oxygen 54 90 Sulfur 388 718 H2O 273 373 H2S 191 213 So, as you can see, when H2O (a solvent) is liquid, Oxygen (an oxidizer) is gaseous, and it's well soluble in H2O. When H2S is liquid, Sulfur is solid - and strongly solid, much below its melting point, When Sulfur is at least liquid, H2S is an overheated gas. So the only way for a sulfur-base life to exist: hight temperature and high pressure — when it's enough hot for Sulfur to be liquid, while the pressure is enough high to make the overheated H2S to stay liquid. So, all known (and probably the only possible) sulfur-based lifeforms are bacteria-extremophiles, living either in underground thermal pool or in underwater volcanos. This is a very extremely stressed habitat. Proteins usually begin to denaturate at 315-320 K, which is much lower than the melting point of Sulfur. In fact, sulfur-based bacteria are surviving in a sterilization box. So, it's hard to imagine how a sulfur life can evolve into something more complicated than a sponge.

Drake equation is not an answer, it's an illustration of the question. Its coefficients by definition can become known only a posteriori, when the answer has been given. So, it's not to be used, it was to be thought about.

You can watch at Leidenfrost effect any time spitting on the clothes iron to check if it's already enough hot.

From the site of manufacturer: P.S. http://www.npoa.ru/catalog/raketno-kosmicheskaja-promyshlennost/sistemy-upravleniya-raket-nositeley-soyuz-2-soyuz-st-soyuz-2-1v.html

About 7 km/s, nearly orbital. 4.5 is just horizontal projection. 10000-12000 km, except special ones. Aerodynamics hasn't changed since 1960s. Sharp and flattened cones are used because a supersonic flow lives by its own rules. And CoM doesn't play any role in it. Air pressure is negleable in comparison with. Aerodynamics tube decides, And yes, the sharp point is always prograde. Due to this they spin the thing to keep it stable. As you can see in the animation .

Well, they'll have enough mildew. Absolutely different energy values. Direct sunlight converted into organics vs multi-(dozen)-stage scalding. This life eats organic remains sinking down from the surface where they appear due to photosynthesis. Chemosynthetics are just puny bacteria living in a permanent stress.

The second Dragon will bring a large fan... As the pressure is 0.001-0.01 bar.

Sorry, but how then they intend to get out for EVA? Probably, there is no airlock chamber.

With such low luminance and soft infra-red light the photosynthesis would be ve-ery slow and weak. So, not many chances. P.S. But probably great to cultivate mushroom plantations if create them artificially.